Simultaneous, cell-intrinsic downregulation of PD-1 and TIGIT enhances the effector function of CD19-targeting CAR T cells and promotes an early-memory phenotype

Abstract

CD19-targeting chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells have become an important therapeutic option for patients with relapsed and refractory B cell malignancies. However, recent clinical data indicate that a significant portion of patients still do not benefit from the therapy owing to various resistance mechanisms, including high expression of multiple inhibitory immune checkpoint receptors on activated CAR T cells. Here, we report a lentiviral two-in-one CAR T approach in which two checkpoint receptors are downregulated simultaneously by a dual short-hairpin RNA (shRNA) cassette integrated into a CAR vector. Using this system, we evaluated CD19-targeting CAR T cells in the context of four different checkpoint combinations--PD-1/TIM-3, PD-1/LAG-3, PD-1/CTLA-4 and PD-1/TIGIT--and found that CAR T cells with PD-1/TIGIT downregulation uniquely exerted synergistic antitumor effects in mouse xenograft models compared with PD-1 single downregulation, and maintained cytolytic and proliferative capacity upon repeated antigen exposure. Importantly, functional and phenotypic analyses of CAR T cells as well as analyses of transcriptomic profiles suggested that downregulation of PD-1 enhances short-term effector function, whereas downregulation of TIGIT is primarily responsible for maintaining a less-differentiated/exhausted state, providing a potential mechanism for the observed synergy. The PD-1/TIGIT-downregulated CAR T cells generated from diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patient-derived T cells using a clinically applicable manufacturing process also showed robust antitumor activity and significantly improved persistence in vivo compared with conventional CD19-targeting CAR T cells. Overall, our results demonstrate that the cell-intrinsic PD-1/TIGIT dual downregulation strategy may prove effective in overcoming immune checkpoint-mediated resistance in CAR T therapy.