PsychRNN: An Accessible and Flexible Python Package for Training Recurrent Neural Network Models on Cognitive Tasks

Abstract

Task-trained artificial recurrent neural networks (RNNs) provide a computational modeling framework of increasing interest and application in computational, systems, and cognitive neuroscience. RNNs can be trained, using deep learning methods, to perform cognitive tasks used in animal and human experiments, and can be studied to investigate potential neural representations and circuit mechanisms underlying cognitive computations and behavior. Widespread application of these approaches within neuroscience has been limited by technical barriers in use of deep learning software packages to train network models. Here we introduce PsychRNN, an accessible, flexible, and extensible Python package for training RNNs on cognitive tasks. Our package is designed for accessibility, for researchers to define tasks and train RNN models using only Python and NumPy without requiring knowledge of deep learning software. The training backend is based on TensorFlow and is readily extensible for researchers with TensorFlow knowledge to develop projects with additional customization. PsychRNN implements a number of specialized features to support applications in systems and cognitive neuroscience. Users can impose neurobiologically relevant constraints on synaptic connectivity patterns. Furthermore, specification of cognitive tasks has a modular structure, which facilitates parametric variation of task demands to examine their impact on model solutions. PsychRNN also enables task shaping during training, or curriculum learning, in which tasks are adjusted in closed-loop based on performance. Shaping is ubiquitous in training of animals in cognitive tasks, and PsychRNN allows investigation of how shaping trajectories impact learning and model solutions. Overall, the PsychRNN framework facilitates application of trained RNNs in neuroscience research. Visual Abstract O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=100 SRC="FIGDIR/small/321752v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1"> View larger version (25K): org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1541513org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@133c86borg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@aaf099org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@99d55b_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP M_FIG Example workflow for using PsychRNN. First, the task of interest is defined, and a recurrent neural network model is trained to perform the task, optionally with neurobiologically informed constraints on the network. After the network is trained, the researchers can investigate network properties including the synaptic connectivity patterns and the dynamics of neural population activity during task execution, and other studies, e.g. those on perturbations, can be explored. The dotted line shows the possible repetition of this cycle with one network, which allows investigation of training effects of task shaping, or curriculum learning, for closed-loop training of the network on a progression of tasks. C_FIG Significance StatementArtificial recurrent neural network (RNN) modeling is of increasing interest within computational, systems, and cognitive neuroscience, yet its proliferation as a computational tool within the field has been limited due to technical barriers in use of specialized deep-learning software. PsychRNN provides an accessible, flexible, and powerful framework for training RNN models on cognitive tasks. Users can define tasks and train models using the Python-based interface which enables RNN modeling studies without requiring user knowledge of deep learning software. PsychRNNs modular structure facilitates task specification and incorporation of neurobiological constraints, and supports extensibility for users with deep learning expertise. PsychRNNs framework for RNN modeling will increase accessibility and reproducibility of this approach across neuroscience subfields.