m6A RNA methylation regulates the fate of endogenous retroviruses

Abstract

Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are abundant and heterogenous groups of integrated retroviral sequences that impact genome regulation and cell physiology throughout their RNA-centered life cycle1. Failure to repress ERVs is associated with cancer, infertility, senescence and neurodegenerative diseases2-4. Here, using an unbiased genome-scale CRISPR knockout screen in mouse embryonic stem cells, we identify m6A RNA methylation as a novel means of ERV restriction. Methylation of ERV mRNAs is catalyzed by the complex of methyltransferase-like METTL3/METTL145 proteins whose depletion, along with their accessory subunits, WTAP and ZC3H13, led to increased mRNA abundance of Intracisternal A-particles (IAPs) and related ERVK elements specifically, by targeting their 5UTR region. Using controlled auxin-dependent degradation of the METTL3/METTL14 enzymatic complex, we showed that IAP mRNA and protein abundance is dynamically and inversely correlated with m6A catalysis. By monitoring mRNA degradation rates upon METTL3/14 double degron, we further proved that m6A methylation destabilizes IAP transcripts. Finally, similarly to m6A writers, triple knockout of the m6A readers YTHDF1, DF2 and DF36 increased IAP mRNA abundance. This study sheds light onto a novel function of RNA methylation in protecting cellular integrity by clearing reactive ERV-derived RNA species, which may be especially important when transcriptional silencing is less stringent.