Search bioRxiv⌕ Search
Home/Archive/bioRxiv

bioRxiv · 10.1101/2020.01.27.921007

Culex erythrothorax: Insecticide Susceptibility and Mosquito Control

Esterly, A.·Alemayehu, D.·Rusmisel, B.·Busam, J.·Shelton, T.·Sebay, T.·Zahiri, N.·Huston, J.·Clausnitzer, R.·Haas-Stapleton, E.
View original source ↗Export metadata ↓

Abstract

Culex erythrothorax Dyar is a West Nile virus (WNV) vector that breeds in wetland habitats with emergent vegetation. Urbanization and recreational activities near wetlands place humans and birds in close proximity to Cx. erythrothorax, increasing the risk of WNV transmission. High adult Cx. erythrothorax abundance peaked in a marsh bordering the San Francisco Bay of California (USA) during the first 3 hours after sunset (5527 {+/-} 4070 mosquitoes / trap night) during which adult mosquito control efforts are likely most effective. These adult mosquitoes were highly sensitive to permethrin, resmethrin, naled, and etofenprox insecticides when tested in a bottle bioassay (LC50 = 0.35, 0.68, 0.71, and 4.1 {micro}g/bottle, respectively). The synergist piperonyl butoxide increased the sensitivity of the mosquitoes to a low concentration of permethrin (0.5 {micro}g/bottle) while also reducing knock down time, but did not have similar effects with a higher permethrin concentration (2.0 {micro}g/bottle). Biochemical enzyme assays measuring bulk mixed-function oxidase, alpha-esterase, or beta-esterase activities in mosquito homogenates were significantly higher in Cx. erythrothorax relative to a strain of Culex pipiens that is sensitive to permethrin. Larvicide that was applied to the site had limited impact on reducing the abundance of adult Cx. erythrothorax. Subsequent removal of emergent vegetation in concert with reduced daily temperature in the environment substantially reduced Cx. erythrothorax abundance. Land managers who have a need to control Cx. erythrothorax in wetlands should consider vegetation removal over applying larvicide, while vector control agencies are likely to successfully control viremic Cx. erythrothorax that enter nearby neighborhoods by applying insecticides that target the adult stage of the mosquito within 3 h of sunset.

Source connections

Explore related subjects

zoologyPreprint

Keep this discovery

Explore connections, maps & timelines

BibTeXRIS

Esterly, A., Alemayehu, D., Rusmisel, B., Busam, J., Shelton, T., Sebay, T., Zahiri, N., Huston, J., Clausnitzer, R., Haas-Stapleton, E.. 2020-01-27. Culex erythrothorax: Insecticide Susceptibility and Mosquito Control. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.01.27.921007

Cite the original work for its findings. Save a collection to share your selection of sources.

KEEP EXPLORING

Related preprints

bioRxiv2026

Glutamatergic system in the pelagic tunicates

Tunicates are a sister lineage to vertebrates, with compact, relatively simple nervous systems featuring a single central ganglion, reflecting a minimal complement of chordate functional architecture. Although glutamatergic neurons are the most abundant population in vertebrates, their ancestry remains unclear. Here, we used glutamate immunohistochemical labeling (Glutamate IR) to identify glutamatergic elements in the neural system of the pelagic tunicate Doliolum sp. (Thaliacea). Glutamate IR was observed in all major nerves of the central ganglion, including motor-like terminals on the circular bundles of swim muscles, which were themselves labeled. However, the neuronal somata in the central ganglion were not labeled, suggesting glutamate accumulation in axonal processes and terminals. In contrast, we did not identify GABA-containing neural elements. This study suggests that glutamatergic systems were elaborated in the common ancestor of tunicates and vertebrates, although the functional role of glutamate and its role in muscular control need further investigation in these pelagic tunicates.

zoology↗
bioRxiv2026

The enlightened entomologist: fast, non-destructive whole-arthropod clearing for three-dimensional imaging

Arthropods are a strikingly diverse phylum of invertebrates with segmented bodies, chitinous exoskeletons, and jointed limbs, many of which are colloquially referred to as insects. Their pigmented and optically dense bodies pose a considerable challenge for microscopy. While early naturalists focused on external features, modern approaches combining tissue clearing and fluorescence microscopy seek to explore internal anatomy in three dimensions. However, both chemical clearing and three-dimensional (3-D) microscopy are specialized techniques and often require considerable adaptation and optimization across species. Here, we introduce a versatile, fast, effective and non-toxic clearing method that renders diverse arthropods transparent within hours to days. Existing upright microscopes or macroscopes can be upgraded with a modular and affordable light-sheet microscope, allowing rapid volumetric imaging of arthropods. Our pipeline is fully compatible with dye staining and immunofluorescence labeling, while endogenous autofluorescence provides valuable anatomical context and facilitates 3-D reconstruction.

zoology↗
bioRxiv2026

Wildlife disease surveillance under uncertainty: an adaptive search-theoretic framework for early detection of transboundary animal diseases

Rapid detection is critical for successful management of transboundary animal disease incursions in wild host populations. However, decisions about how best to allocate wildlife disease surveillance effort must be made under high uncertainty. Risk-based surveillance can improve efficiency but approaches that focus surveillance too narrowly on expected high risk areas could have low power to detect unexpected events. We developed and field-tested an adaptive, search-theoretic surveillance framework for detecting transboundary animal disease incursions in wild ungulates in New South Wales, Australia. Key principles that guided the frameworks development included accommodating uncertainty, regularly updating search priorities based on expected risk and spatial coverage, and a flexible structure that allows the system to respond to changing information or conditions over time. We created a coarse state-wide risk map that served as a weakly informative prior describing expected variability in disease incursion risk, loosely focused on foot and mouth disease virus (FMDv). Risk and search values were updated every three months based on realised surveillance effort and estimated detection probabilities over the preceding 12 months, meaning that areas of persistently high risk could nonetheless have low search value if they had recently been intensively searched. Surveillance activities collected blood and swab samples from 1,964 wild pigs (Sus scrofa) during 110 sampling occasions over a two-year evaluation and refinement period. Activities sought to simulate FMDv surveillance operations, but FMDv serological tests were not available at the time. Effort was consistently concentrated in areas of high search value, with at least 74% of sampled cells in the highest risk class. Estimated surveillance system sensitivity ranged from 0.86 to 0.93 over five successive updating cycles and increased as operational procedures were refined. Although the surveillance program was based on FMDv incursion risk, it also fulfilled its secondary objective of detecting unexpected events, including detecting Japanese encephalitis virus in wild pigs before detections in humans and domestic animals. By combining risk-based surveillance with adaptive updating of search priorities in a modular structure, the framework provided a flexible and generalisable approach for early detection of transboundary and emerging animal disease incursions in wildlife populations under high uncertainty.

zoology↗