What drives male association tendencies in wild zebrafish? Role of female and vegetation densities

Abstract

Mating strategies in species is context-dependent and driven by several ecological and demographic factors. In natural habitats, a multitude of ecological factors interact and these eventually determine mating preferences and mate choice decisions among species. While zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a widely studied biological model organism, our understanding of their mating preferences, strategies and their underlying ecological drivers are still limited. Here, we explore the role of ecological factors such as spatial variation (or patchiness) in mate density and associated vegetation cover in determining mate association tactics among males in a wild zebrafish population. We employed a multi-choice experimental design for a better representation of ecologically relevant scenarios. Our results revealed that when presented with patches with increasing female densities, males displayed only a marginal increase in preference for higher female density patches. However, when female density varied concomitantly with variation in vegetation cover, the males associated more with higher foliage density patches irrespective of the female density in that patch. Our findings throw light on the complex interaction between these two most basic ecological factors in determining mate search strategies and mate associations among these group-living fish species.