Biology subjects

van der Meer, M. T. J.

Publications and source records attributed to van der Meer, M. T. J..

4 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2025

Ecology of Echinodermata in the Clarion-Clipperton-Fracture Zone (Central Pacific)

Abyssal seascapes between 3,000 and 6000 m water depth represent over 50% of the Planets surface, but the species, functions, and particularly the life history traits that these ecosystems harbour remain poorly understood. Brittle stars (Ophiuroidea) contribute about one third to the invertebrate megabenthos assemblage between 3,800 m and 4,800 m water depth in the Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone (CCZ, Northeast Pacific). Starfishes (Asteroidea) are present in lower densities. In the CCZ, Ophiuroidea are often seen near Xenophyophoroidea and attached to glass sponge (Hexactinellida) stalks. We hypothesize that (1) the observed relationship between Ophiuroidea, Xenophyophoroidea, and Hexactinellida is a predator-prey relationship, where Ophiuroidea feed on foraminifera- and sponge-derived organic matter. (2) Ophiuroidea have a reduced dependency on fresh phytodetritus. (3) Brisingida (order of Asteroidea), often clings to stalks to have easier access to particulate organic matter sinking to the seafloor. To test these three hypotheses, we combined bulk and compound-specific stable isotope analyses of fauna (Ophiuroidea, Asteroidea) and sediments with the analyses of seafloor images from the eastern CCZ. Faunal specimens and sediments were collected during three research expeditions between 2019 and 2022, and previously collected seabed images were re-analysed to quantify the major behaviours in which Ophiuroidea and Asteroidea engage. All investigated Echinodermata species had a high trophic level. Phospholipid-derived fatty acids (PLFAs) used as biomarkers suggest that Silax daleus consumes sedimentary detritus that is processed by its gut microbiome. Ophiacantha cosmica is likely a top consumer or scavenger, Ophiosphalma glabrum is an opportunistic omnivore ingesting phytodetritus, bacteria, Crustacea, and Foraminifera, while Ophiuroglypha cf. polyacantha is a more selective omnivore. Freyella benthophila sits mostly on stalks of Hexactinellida and uses this elevated position to catch phytodetritus and zooplankton. Freyastera cf. tuberculata, in comparison, sits mostly on polymetallic nodules from where it preys upon Crustacea moving on the sediment surface. This study confirmed the hypothesis that Ophiuroidea in the CCZ are less dependent on phytodetritus than Holothuroidea in the Peru Basin. It was confirmed that Ophiuroidea consume foraminifera- and sponge-derived organic matter, but Brisingida cling to stalks of Hexactinellida to prey upon Crustacea living in the benthic boundary layer.

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bioRxiv2024

Combining 13C, 15N, and 2H to measure feeding and metabolic activity in marine, shallow-water sponges - A pilot study

BackgroundShallow-water sponges can reach high densities and have several functions in the ecosystem, such as, providing microhabitats for other species or being involved in benthic-pelagic coupling. They also have a fast cell turnover so they can serve as test animals for the development of new methods to measure the metabolic activity of individual organisms. Here, we measured the feeding and metabolic activity of the common intertidal sponge Halichondria panicea using a triple stable isotope labeling experiment with a 13C and 15N-enriched bacteria as substrate and 2H from deuterated water. We also constrained pathways of phospholipid-derived fatty acid (PLFA) biosynthesis in the sponge and its microbiome. MethodsSponges were collected in the Eastern Scheldt (North Sea) and incubated in 1% 2H-enriched seawater in the presence of 13C- and 15N-enriched substrate of inactivated bacteria for 12 h. Water samples for the analysis of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), 13C-DIC, and inorganic nutrients were taken at the begin and the end of the incubations, while oxygen concentration in the water was recorded continuously. Seawater incubations with the addition of substrate bacteria served as blanks and dead sponges incubated in 1% 2H-enriched seawater served as controls for the incorporation of 2H into inactive tissue. At the end of the experiment, sponges were sampled for bulk analyses of 13C, 15N, and 2H in sponge tissue, and for 13C and 2H incorporation into phospholipid-derived fatty acids (PLFAs). ResultsSponges consumed oxygen, nitrite, nitrate, and silicon, while they excreted ammonia and released 13C-DIC. They incorporated 4.82 mol 13C mmol C-1 d-1, 2.46 mol 15N mmol C-1 d-1, and 0.49 mol 2H mmol C-1 d-1 into bulk sponge tissue. The PLFAs extracted from the sponges contained on average 5.61 g 13C g-1 dry mass (DM) sponge and 5.43 ng 2H g-1 DM sponge. Most 13C was incorporated into bacteria-specific PLFAs derived from the substrate bacteria; 2H, in comparison, was mostly built in sponge-specific PLFAs. ConclusionH. panicea from the Eastern Scheldt were in a similar condition as starving specimens from the Baltic Sea which suggests that the large bivalve stocks in the Eastern Scheldt outcompete this sponge for food. During the incubation experiment, however, the sponges were well fed as indicated by the silicon and oxygen uptake rates. The significantly higher uptake rates of 2H by living sponges compared to dead sponges proved that deuterated water can be used to measure the metabolic activity of individual filter-feeding specimens, but more test with species of diverse biological traits and growth stages are recommended. Additionally, we suggest to focus on compound-specific 2H uptake, as these data were less affected by 1H exchange of non-covalently bound 1H. Assessing 13C- and 2H-enriched PLFAs of the incubated H. panicea also revealed that the sponge microbiome produced the bacteria-specific PLFAs i-C14:0, ai-C15:0, i-C17:0, and ai-C17:0 using C from the substrate bacteria. The ai-C15:0 was subsequently elongated and desaturated to build the sponge-specific PLFA ai-C25:2. Other sponge-specific PLFAs were formed using C14:0 and C16:0 from the sub-strate bacteria as precursors.

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bioRxiv2022

Compound specific stable isotope analysis of amino acid nitrogen reveals detrital support of microphytobenthos in the Dutch Wadden Sea benthic food web

The Wadden Sea is the worlds largest intertidal ecosystem and provides vital food resources for a large number of migratory bird and fish species during seasonal stopovers. Previous work using bulk stable isotope analysis of carbon found that microphytobenthos was the dominant resource use fueling the food web with particulate organic matter making up the remainder. However, this work was unable to account for the trophic structure of the food web or the considerable increase in {delta}15N values of bulk tissue throughout the benthic food web occurring in the Eastern regions of the Dutch Wadden Sea. Here, we combine compound specific and bulk analytical stable isotope techniques to further resolve the trophic structure and resource use throughout the benthic food web in the Wadden Sea. Analysis of {delta}15N for trophic and source amino acids allowed for better identification of trophic relationships due to the integration of underlying variation in the nitrogen resources supporting the food web. Baseline integrated trophic position estimates using glutamic acid (Glu) and phenylalanine (Phe) allow for disentanglement of baseline variations in underlying {delta}15N sources supporting the ecosystem and trophic shifts resulting from changes in ecological relationships. Through this application we further confirmed dominant ecosystem support by microphytobenthos derived resources, although to a lesser extent than previously estimated. In addition to phytoplankton derived particulate organic matter and microphytobenthos supported from nutrients from the overlying water column there appears to be an additional resource supporting the benthic community. From the stable isotope mixing models, a subset of species appears to focus on microphytobenthos supported off recycled (porewater) N and/or detrital organic matter mainly driven by increased phenylalanine {delta}15N values. This additional resource within microphytobenthos may play a role in subsidizing the exceptional benthic productivity observed within the Wadden Sea ecosystem and reflect division in microphytobenthos support along green (herbivory) and brown (recycled/detrital) food web pathways.

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bioRxiv2021

Stable nitrogen isotope analysis of amino acids as a new tool to clarify complex parasite-host interactions within marine food webs

O_LITraditional bulk isotopic analysis is a pivotal tool for mapping consumer-resource interactions in food webs but has largely failed to adequately describe parasite-host relationships. Thus, parasite-host interactions remain largely understudied in food web frameworks despite these relationships increasing linkage density, connectance, and ecosystem biomass. Compound-specific stable isotopes from amino acids provides a promising novel approach that may aid in mapping parasitic interactions in food webs. However, to date it has not been applied to parasitic trophic interactions. C_LIO_LIHere we use a combination of traditional bulk stable isotope analyses and compound-specific isotopic analysis of the nitrogen in amino acids to examine resource use and trophic interactions of five parasites from three hosts from a marine coastal food web (Wadden Sea, European Atlantic). By comparing isotopic compositions of bulk and amino acid nitrogen, we aimed to characterize isotopic fractionation occurring between parasites and their hosts and to clarify the trophic position of the parasites. C_LIO_LIOur results showed that parasitic trophic interactions were more accurately identified when using compound-specific stable isotope analysis due to removal of underlying source isotopic variation for both parasites and hosts, and avoidance of the averaging of amino acid variability in bulk analyses through use of multiple trophic amino acids. The compound-specific method provided clear trophic discrimination factors in comparison to bulk isotope methods, however, those differences varied significantly among parasite species. C_LIO_LIAmino acid compound specific isotope analysis has widely been applied to examine trophic position within food webs, but our analyses suggest that the method is particularly useful for clarifying the feeding strategies for parasitic species. Baseline isotopic information provided by source amino acids allows clear identification of the fractionation occurring due to parasite metabolism by integrating underlying isotopic variations from the host tissues. However, like for bulk isotope analysis, the application of a universal trophic discrimination factor to parasite-host relationships remains inappropriate for compound-specific stable isotope analysis. Despite this limitation, compound-specific stable isotope analysis is and will continue to be a valuable tool to increase our understanding of parasitic interactions in marine food webs. C_LI

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