In vivo guanine quadruplex structure dynamics and role in genome maintenance in Deinococcus radiodurans
Guanine quadruplex (G4) structures are secondary structures formed in nucleic acids that are rich in guanine bases. G4 structures regulate various cellular processes both in eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Deinococcus radiodurans, an extremophile show sensitivity to ionizing radiation in the presence of G4 binding ligands during the post-irradiation recovery period (PIR). Putative G4 motifs positioned at different locations on the genes fold into different topologies in vitro in the presence of monovalent cations while divalent cation Mg+2 supported the stable G4 formation but Mn+2 destabilizes the G4 structures. Thioflavin T and anti-DNA quadruplex antibodies detected the in vivo formation and dynamics of G4 structure in response to various DNA damaging agents, more in the presence of gamma radiation treatment. G4 binding drugs during PIR arrested the G4 structure dynamics and delayed the DNA repair process. Further, the absence of G4 helicase, RecQ resulted in the accumulation of more G4 structures and genome instability. All these results indicate that the guanine quadruplex structure formation increases in response to cellular stress and G4s are crucial for stable genome maintenance in Deinococcus radiodurans.