A dynamic bias in chromatin protein deposition at G-quadruplex sites
Previous studies indicate that genomic loci harboring G-quadruplexes (G4s)--stacked structures that can form in single-stranded DNA--can be linked to epigenetic instability. However, the role of chromatin redistribution and the genome-wide nature of this process need further investigation. Here, we provide experimental evidence that connects G4s to alterations in the deposition of chromatin proteins. We have used metabolic labelling and immunoprecipitation of new and parental proteins in hRPE-1 cells to investigate global chromatin deposition dynamics. We identify a reciprocal, local bias in chromatin protein deposition at G4 sites favoring the association of parental proteins with the G4 and new proteins with the C4 DNA strand. The deposition bias at G4 sites does not depend on replication directionality and is strengthened by G4 stabilization. Slowing down replication forks upon hydroxyurea treatment reverses the bias, supposedly affected by decoupling between helicase and polymerase. Interestingly, upon combined G4 stabilization and slowing of the replication forks, new proteins exhibit a redistribution pattern similar to G4 stabilization alone, while parental protein redistribution more resembles one after hydroxyurea treatment, hinting at mechanistic differences between parental and new histone distribution. We also report that the genomic distribution of putative quadruplexes is not random and depends on loop size, where G4s with shorter loops have a preference for the DNA strand replicated by leading and G4s with longer loops by lagging strand replication. These findings provide insight into the mechanisms behind G4 occurrence and its role in epigenetic instability and help to improve our understanding of the factors influencing biases in global chromatin protein redeposition.