Serotonergic reinforcement of a complete swallowing circuit
How the body interacts with the brain to perform vital life functions such as feeding is one of the fundamental questions in physiology and neuroscience. Here, we use a whole-animal scanning transmission electron microscopy dataset of Drosophila to map out the neuronal circuits that connect the entire enteric nervous system to the brain via the insect vagus nerve at synaptic resolution. This revealed a periphery-brain feedback loop in which Piezo-expressing mechanosensory neurons sense food intake and convey that information onto serotonergic neurons within the brain. These serotonergic neurons integrate the interoceptive information with external and central inputs, and in turn stabilize rhythmic activity of serotonin receptor 7 expressing peripheral motor neurons that drive swallowing. Strikingly, the very same motor neurons also share an efference copy of their activity with the aforementioned mechanosensory neurons, thereby closing the motor-sensory-modulatory loop. Our analysis elucidates an elemental, albeit surprisingly complex reinforcement circuit in which rhythmic motor patterns are stabilized through afferent signaling to central serotonergic neurons upon completion of a rewarding action. The circuit motif is constructed to allow the distinction between self-generated action and those in response to the environment.