Biology subjects

Zhou, Y.

Publications and source records attributed to Zhou, Y..

At least 163 records · Page 9Linked to original sources

bioRxiv2026

Chromatin context-dependent deacetylation by the asymmetric Rpd3L

The regulation of gene expression requires precise control of chromatin-associated complexes that respond to diverse structural and epigenetic cues. The Rpd3 Large (Rpd3L) complex is a Sin3 histone deacetylase (HDAC) complex that dynamically adapt to chromatin states to reinforce transcriptional silencing, yet the mechanisms governing the catalytic activation in chromatin context-dependent manner remain unclear. Here we present the cryo-EM structure of Rpd3L bound to both mono- and di-nucleosome substrate at near-atomic resolution, uncovering a substrate-guided allosteric activation mechanism. Rpd3L adopts an asymmetric architecture, in which the proximal catalytic module anchors the first nucleosome, while the Sin3 PAH domains engage linker DNA to reposition a second nucleosome. This spatial configuration brings the distal catalytic module into proximity with chromatin and unlocks its latent deacetylase activity. Biochemical and mass spectrometry analyses confirm that dual nucleosome engagement selectively enhances Rpd3L activity and broadens substrate specificity. Together, these findings establish a hierarchical mechanism by which Rpd3L interprets histone modifications and nucleosome organization to modulate its enzymatic output at promoter regions. Our study provides a framework for understanding higher-order chromatin repression mechanisms by chromatin-regulation complexes and co-repressors.

molecular biology↗

bioRxiv2026

Dynamic control of Raf-ERK signaling modulates neuronal activity across biological scales

Neuronal activity robustly engages the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway through Ca2+-dependent mechanisms; however, whether ERK can acutely and causally modulates ongoing neuronal activity remains unsolved due to complex upstream regulation and diverse subcellular functions. Here, we directly address this question using an optogenetic ERK activator, opto-miniRaf, that enables selective, rapid, graded, and reversible control of ERK signaling. Combining this AAV-compatible system with calcium imaging and electrophysiology, we interrogate ERK functions across biological scales, from cultured neurons, acute brain slices, and the intact brain. Acute optogenetic activation of ERK enhances synchronized network burst activity in cultured rat cortical neurons and increases calcium activity of cortical pyramidal neurons in awake and moving mice following non-invasive light stimulation. Together, these results establish ERK signaling as an acute modulator of neuronal and network activity, positioning opto-miniRaf as a generalizable platform for precise spatiotemporal control of intracellular kinase signaling in complex biological systems.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2026

Discovery of potent oligopeptides for various metabolic diseases using deep learning

Artificial intelligence (AI)-based methods are increasingly critical in peptide drug discovery, but their applications are limited in a narrow scope such as antimicrobial peptides. For indications where peptide therapy inherently excels, such as metabolism, endocrinology, and tissue regeneration, AI-based pipeline for therapeutic peptide discovery is long awaited but still unmet. Here, we propose a deep learning-based pipeline, Deepeptide, capable of identifying therapeutic oligopeptides for various metabolism-related indications. Leveraging the intrinsical relationship of disease indication -- biological processes -- molecular functions, Deepeptide discovers oligopeptides with indication-ameliorating-related molecular functions as lead candidates for indication of interest. Deepeptide was applied in five representative indications of metabolism, endocrinology, and tissue regeneration: angiogenesis, lipid metabolism, osteogenesis, glucose metabolism, and anti-angiogenesis. Overall, 62% of the identified oligopeptide candidates demonstrated significant bioactivity in vitro, with most of them showing comparable potency to the first-line drugs. Notably, the heptapeptide AP7 exhibited angiogenic potency comparable to VEGF in excisional wound splinting mouse model by promoting cell migration rather than proliferation, and hexapeptide TP6 showed significant dual-efficacy against hyperlipidemia and obesity in high-fat diet mice by inhibiting lipid synthesis and regulating gut microbiota. These findings highlight the potential and generalizability of Deepeptide in therapeutic oligopeptide discovery for metabolic diseases.

bioinformatics↗

bioRxiv2026

SCREWx: A Screwless, Chronic, Recoverable, and Lightweight Neuropixels fixture for freely-moving rodents

High-density Neuropixels probes enable the study of large neural populations with single-cell and sub-millisecond resolution. While single-probe and acute head-fixed experiments have yielded critical scientific insights, understanding the neural mechanisms underlying many complex behaviors requires simultaneous multi-region recordings in freely moving, chronically implanted animals. Various probe fixtures have been developed to enable high-density recording, but existing designs impose critical limitations: their substantial weight restricts the maximum probe count that smaller animals can support, their bulky dimensions constrain the proximity of targeted brain regions, and their complex assembly risks damaging the probe during insertion and recovery. In this paper, we present a lightweight, fully 3D-printable, compact, and screwless fixture for chronic Neuropixels implants in freely moving rodents that features simple mechanisms for stable implantation and safe extraction. Our fixture design enables stable, high-yield single-unit recordings for months-long experiments, along with an 83% successful probe extraction rate. This fixture design provides a robust and accessible solution for long-term, multi-probe chronic Neuropixels recordings, increasing experimental throughput and enabling more complex experimental designs to investigate brain-wide neural dynamics.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2026

Elements of Olfactory Intelligence in Drosophila

The ability to make the world of odorants intelligible is a key capability of the Drosophila olfactory system that we shall call olfactory intelligence. Characterizing the functional logic of the Drosophila early olfactory system that makes the natural world of odorants intelligible is a major challenge in neuroscience. Starting by modeling the space of odorants using constructs of both semantic and syntactic information, we establish that the Antenna Lobe and Mushroom Body Calyx first decompose the confounding representation of the Antenna into a concentration independent odorant semantics information and the ON-OFF timing of the syntactic information. Subsequently the two streams of information are integrated and produce a novel time and rank-based representation of Kenyon Cell outputs, called the marked first spike sequence code. In conjunction with a novel distance measure for the spike sequence code, we demonstrate that the rank-based representation supports accurate classification of ON-OFF odorant semantics. Computationally, these elements of olfactory intelligence are realized by a class of differential divisive normalization processors modeling the feedback circuits in a causal chain of stages including the Antenna, Antennal Lobe and the Mushroom Body Calyx. Consequently, the early olfactory system makes the natural world of odorants intelligible.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2026

Benchmarking algorithms for RNA velocity inference

RNA velocity is a computational framework for single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) that estimates the future transcriptional state of individual cells, thereby capturing the direction and rate of cell state transitions rather than providing a purely static snapshot. Since its introduction in 2018, multiple RNA velocity methods have been developed, differing in their modeling assumptions, required inputs, computational complexity, and robustness. However, there remains limited consensus on how best to evaluate these methods or on which tools are most reliable under specific biological and technical settings. Here, we perform a systematic comparison of 29 velocity inference algorithms across 114 simulated datasets with known ground-truth cell dynamics and 62 real scRNA-seq datasets, and we extend the evaluation to spatial and multi-omics levels where velocity is increasingly applied. We benchmark RNA velocity methods using a unified framework that decomposes performance into four practical dimensions: accuracy, scalability, stability, and usability. Our results show that performance rankings vary substantially across metrics and datasets, indicating no single method is uniformly optimal and that practical deployment is often constrained by feasibility and robustness as much as by accuracy. Based on these results, we provide actionable guidance for selecting RNA velocity tools according to data modality, available priors, and computational constraints. Finally, we identify key bottlenecks that currently limit RNA velocity development and deployment, including scalability to large size of datasets, sensitivity to gene selection, and the lack of genuinely multimodal and spatially explicit velocity models for spot-based technologies.

bioinformatics↗

bioRxiv2025

Foundational genomic resources for date palm: A gap-free, telomere-to-telomere phased assembly of Ajwa and 19 high-quality genome assemblies of Phoenix dactylifera.

Phoenix dactylifera L. is an economically, nutritionally, and culturally important fruit crop in the arid and semi-arid regions of the Middle East and North Africa. Here, we present a gap-free, telomere-to-telomere reference genome of the variety Ajwa, along with 19 additional high-quality assemblies (18 female and 1 male). These assemblies reveal novel chromosomal structures validated through cytogenetics, Hi-C, optical mapping, and synteny analyses with other palm genomes. Chromosome names were revised based on average lengths across all sequenced genomes. The Sex Determination Region (SDR) on chromosome 14 was confirmed through male-specific k-mer analysis, spanning approximately 14.7 Mb. Nucleolar organizing regions (NORs) were localized on chromosome 10, where a large 45S rDNA locus displayed unique repeat spacer motifs containing transposon-like sequences. In some accessions, a second NOR was identified on the female sex chromosome. This collection of date palm assemblies, anchored by the Ajwa reference genome, provides a critical resource for advancing breeding strategies aimed at enhancing the genetic resilience and productivity of date palm.

genomics↗

bioRxiv2025

A whole-organ multi-scale in silico framework for human kidney haemodynamics informed by hierarchical phase-contrast tomography

Studying human kidney haemodynamics has been limited by the absence of complete vascular maps of the whole organ. Here we utilise previously generated multi-resolution hierarchical phase-contrast tomography (HiP-CT) coupled with a hybrid anatomically-grounded synthetic reconstruction to generate a full arterial-glomerular network of an intact human kidney comprising 1.6 million vessels and over 800,000 glomeruli. Using this anatomically comprehensive structure, we apply physics-based zero-dimensional haemodynamic modelling to quantify blood pressure, flow and simulated filtration rate across the entire organ. We show that the reconstructed human kidney vascular network exhibits order-dependent branching behaviour similar to that of rat kidneys, and that physiologically plausible pressure and flow patterns are recovered only when the full vascular network is represented. We further demonstrate how the kidney responds to macrovascular and microvascular perturbations, including stenosis of the large renal arteries and narrowing or ablation of afferent arterioles. Stenosis and arteriole narrowing exhibit threshold-type behaviour, with kidney perfusion and simulated glomerular filtration rate remaining largely preserved up to [~]50% narrowing, followed by sharp nonlinear declines beyond [~]70%. These predictions emerge in the absence of autoregulatory mechanisms, indicating that vascular geometry and resistance scaling alone contribute to kidney functional deterioration. Together, our framework provides the first organ-wide, data-driven model of human kidney haemodynamics and offers a foundation for future studies of kidney physiology and disease.

bioengineering↗

bioRxiv2025

DNA replication errors drive genome-wide small inverted triplication dynamics

Structural variants (SVs) have a profound impact on phenotype and diversity and are associated with human diseases. To explore the origination of SVs, we have analyzed 1,340 cancer genomes with annotation of 4,608 novel small inverted triplication (SIT) events and found that FEN1 is strongly associated with SIT incidence. Then, we performed long-read sequencing and developed PacBioR to annotate SITs in yeast FEN1 mutant cells. We found that SIT structures mimic classic inverted triplications but with a smaller DUP/IN/DUP structure of 184/160/184 bp on average, with a spacer sequence of 30 bp and breakpoint junction of 6 bp. We further showed that breakpoints of SITs preferentially occurred at nucleosome midpoints, aligned with Okazaki fragment termini, and those harbored in plasmids were precisely eliminated via DNA polymerase slippage over SIT-derived hairpin structures. This study provides mechanistic insight into SIT origination and offers practical tools for future studies on genome rearrangements.

genetics↗

bioRxiv2025

A Generative Foundation Model for Cryo-EM Densities

Single-particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) enables structure determination of macromolecular complexes, yet reconstructions are often degraded by noise, anisotropic sampling and reconstruction artifacts. Correcting these effects is an ill-posed inverse problem that requires strong prior knowledge in addition to experimental data. Here we introduce cryoFM, a generative foundation model for cryo-EM densities that unifies data-driven structural priors with dataset-specific constraints within a Bayesian inference framework. CryoFM is trained in an unsupervised manner on thousands of high-quality cryo-EM maps using flow matching, learning a generalizable prior over macromolecular density distributions. Combined with explicit likelihood models describing experimental degradations, cryoFM enables flow posterior sampling, an inference-only procedure that performs denoising and restoration and refinement while remaining explicitly constrained by dataset-derived statistics. We show that this framework improves density reconstruction and refinement across diverse experimental settings, including preferred-orientation datasets and cases with strong spatial heterogeneity in signal-to-noise ratio, without introducing hallucinated features. In addition, cryoFM can be fine-tuned into conditional generative models for density post-processing, yielding maps with improved interpretability and fewer artifacts compared to existing supervised approaches. Together, cryoFM establishes generative foundation models as a principled and controllable framework for cryo-EM density reconstruction and modification.

biophysics↗

bioRxiv2025

MAGNET: an all-in-one foundation model for cross-modal and cross-dimensional microscopic image restoration

The application of emerging Foundation models in current microscopy has remained limited due to task-specific model designs, strong modality dependence and insufficient robustness under complex degradations. Here, we introduce MAGNET (Microscopic All-in-one General fouNdation model for imagE resToration), the first end-to-end All-in-One foundation model designed for universal microscopic image restoration. MAGNET integrates multi-task, cross-modal and cross-dimensional (2D + 3D) image restoration capabilities within a single unified architecture, and it is specifically designed to handle composite degradations in practical imaging systems. The framework comprises three components: (i) a task-aware, prompt-guided feature enhancement module for adaptive learning across diverse degradations; (ii) an LIIF-based reconstruction module enabling continuous, resolution-adaptive restoration; and (iii) a dimension-compatible triple-plane projection module supporting both 2D and 3D data. Trained on large-scale datasets spanning 5 major microscopy modalities (structured illumination, confocal, light-sheet, wide-field and two-photon) and 8 representative restoration tasks, MAGNET achieves state-of-the-art performance across super-resolution, denoising, deblurring, background suppression, isotropic reconstruction, aberration correction, de-scattering and virtual staining. Beyond supervised training, MAGNET supports direct inference on unseen systems, efficient few-shot fine-tuning and self-supervised test-time optimization, enabling robust performance across diverse data and imaging conditions. MAGNET serves as a unified, generalizable, and scalable computational framework for microscopy, enabling more efficient and reliable downstream analyses in cell biology, neuroscience, and pathology.

cell biology↗

bioRxiv2025

Temporal boundary gating of auditory sensitivity

Perception unfolds over time, but whether continuous sounds are sampled with uniform sensitivity is unknown. We combine human psychophysics, EEG and rodent neurophysiology to show that local auditory change detection is strongly gated by stimulus boundaries. In humans, brief perturbations inserted at different temporal positions within 0.5-1-s tones revealed an inverted U-shaped sensitivity profile: detection was attenuated near sound onset and offset and maximal mid-epoch, with EEG change responses showing a closely matching dependence on change timing. Electrocorticography in awake rats exhibited homologous temporal weighting, and analogous profiles for amplitude changes and visual motion demonstrated cross-feature and cross-modal generality. To uncover circuit mechanisms, we recorded single units along the inferior colliculus-medial geniculate body-auditory cortex pathway together with laminar local field potentials in A1. Onset-locked suppression of change responses emerged in midbrain and was progressively amplified in thalamus and cortex, whereas the full start-end profile was expressed in granular-layer alpha-gamma power. A simple biophysically grounded model in which onset responses saturate and cortical populations integrate over finite temporal windows recapitulates this pattern, explaining how stimulus boundaries disrupt prospective and retrospective integration and thereby degrade change detection near the beginning and end of sounds.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2025

The CCCH Zinc Finger Gene PgCCCH50 from Pearl Millet Confers Drought and Salt Tolerance through an ABA-Dependent PgAREB1-PgCCCH50 Module

Abiotic stresses like drought and salinity severely constrain crop productivity. Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.), a stress-resilient cereal of global importance, is ideal for deciphering genetic adaptation. Although CCCH zinc finger proteins play key roles in plant stress responses, members with multiple regulatory functions remain unknown in this crop. This study analyzed 53 CCCH genes in pearl millet, examining their phylogeny, structure, chromosomal localization, and promoter cis-elements. Expression profiling revealed seven CCCH genes responsive to multiple stresses. Functional characterization of PgC3H50 showed that its overexpression in Arabidopsis conferred enhanced tolerance to drought and salt, evidenced by improved physiological parameters and upregulation of stress-responsive genes. We discovered that the ABA-responsive transcription factor PgAREB1(ABSCISIC ACID RESPONSIVE ELEMENT BINDING PROTEIN 1) directly binds to ABRE cis-elements in the PgC3H50 promoter and activates its transcription, validated by yeast one-hybrid, dual-luciferase, and EMSA assays. This defines a novel PgAREB1-PgC3H50 regulatory module within the ABA-mediated stress signaling pathway. Our findings provide a valuable genetic resource for the pearl millet CCCH family and unveil a promising candidate gene and transcriptional regulatory module for engineering crops with improved tolerance to drought and salinity. HighlightThis study reports the first genome-wide analysis of the CCCH family in pearl millet and identifies the novel PgAREB1-PgCCCH50 module as essential for salt and drought tolerance.

plant biology↗

bioRxiv2025

Defining the role of RNase E in the mycobacterial degradosome-like network

mRNA degradation is a fundamentally important process that is regulated in response to stress in the globally important pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Several mycobacterial ribonucleases (RNases) are hypothesized to function together to coordinate mRNA degradation, but the interactions among them are mostly undefined. One of the rate-limiting enzymes, RNase E, contains intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs). Here, we have defined the interactions among major mycobacterial mRNA degradation enzymes and identified the functions of the two IDRs of RNase E in the nonpathogenic model Mycolicibacterium smegmatis. We found that the two IDRs differentially impact mRNA degradation rates in vivo but are largely functionally redundant in their impact on steady-state transcript abundance. In vitro, the IDRs are uninvolved in catalysis but play major roles in RNA binding and interactions with other mRNA degradation enzymes, namely PNPase, RNase J, and RhlE1, including stimulation of RhlE1 activity. In vivo, these enzymes localize with RNase E, but its IDRs play only a minor role, suggesting substantial redundancy in subcellular localization mechanisms. Collectively, we propose a degradosome-like network model in mycobacteria, held together by dynamic, transient interactions among RNA degradation enzymes and RNA that can be disrupted during physiologically relevant stress to allow for adaptability.

molecular biology↗

bioRxiv2025

Spatially resolved translational dysregulation in Grin2a+/- mouse model of schizophrenia

Loss-of-function (LoF) mutations of GRIN2A, encoding the GluN2A subunit of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), confer a high risk for schizophrenia (SCZ)1-3, yet how they affect diverse brain cell types remains poorly understood. Here, we combined subcellular-resolution spatial omics technologies, STARmap4 and RIBOmap5, to jointly resolve single-cell transcriptomes and translatomes for 3,447 genes in the brains of Grin2a+/- mice and their wild-type littermates across 538,188 cells. Translational dysregulation was markedly more prominent than transcriptional changes in neurons. Across neuronal subtypes, a set of genes including Camk2a, Arc, Egr1, Egr3, Chmp2b, and Pja2 exhibited translational reduction in a Grin2a gene dose-dependent fashion, suggesting a connection between NMDAR hypofunction and reduced protein synthesis of downstream synaptic plasticity effectors. In interneurons (particularly parvalbumin interneurons), a strong reduction of Gad2 translation implies loss of inhibitory function in cortical microcircuits, which has long been hypothesized for SCZ pathophysiology. Non-neuronal cell types including astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and vascular cells also exhibited region-specific translational changes in neurotransmitter transport, lipid synthesis, myelination, and stress response pathways, some of which co-varied with regional neuron state. Together, our study reveals brain-wide translation dysregulation as a critical mechanism underlying SCZ pathophysiology.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2025

6mA demethylase Mi-NMAD-1 modulates nematode development and parasitism through the transcription factor Mi-nhr-118

N6-methyladenine (6mA) DNA methylation has emerged as an important epigenetic mark in eukaryotes, but its biological role in plant-parasitic nematodes remains largely unexplored. Here, we demonstrate that 6mA methylation is essential for the embryonic development and parasitic ability of Meloidogyne incognita. Silencing of the 6mA demethylase genes minmad-1 significantly reduced egg hatching, revealing that 6mA-mediated regulation is required for nematode development. Transcriptome analyses showed that minmad-1 knockdown downregulated genes involved in embryogenesis, RNA biosynthesis, and cell differentiation, suggesting a critical role of 6mA in developmental gene regulation. Among the transcription factors affected by minmad-1 silencing, Mi-nhr-118, a nuclear hormone receptor orthologous to C. elegans nhr-118, was identified as a key regulator of embryonic development. Functional assays confirmed that RNAi or host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) of Mi-nhr-118 led to developmental arrest, reduced gall and egg mass formation, and impaired infectivity across multiple Meloidogyne species. ChIP-seq analysis revealed that Mi-nhr-118 directly binds to promoters of genes associated with cellular regulation and developmental signaling. Several downstream targets, including transcription factors (Mi_23621.1, Mi_39647.1) and genes implicated in metabolic and signaling processes (Mi_03067.1, Mi_08398.1), were shown to be essential for both embryogenesis and parasitism. Functional enrichment analyses of Mi-nhr-118 target genes indicated suppression of immune-related signaling, carbohydrate recognition, and glycoprotein biosynthetic pathways following gene silencing. Collectively, these findings establish Mi-nhr-118 as a central regulator linking 6mA-mediated epigenetic control to development and parasitism in M. incognita.

molecular biology↗

bioRxiv2025

A Combinatorial mRNA Therapy for Treating Rheumatoid Arthritis and Osteoarthritis by Inhibiting Inflammation and Promoting Cartilage Regeneration

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA) are debilitating joint disorders with distinct etiologies but share common pathological features of chronic inflammation and progressive cartilage damage. Current therapeutic options are largely palliative and yet fail to achieve desired effect. In this study, we developed a combinatorial mRNA therapy using a rationally engineered lipid nanoparticle (LNP) containing a novel ionizable lipid for enhanced cartilage penetration upon intra-articular administration. This LNP co-delivers mRNAs encoding two complementary therapeutic proteins: interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) for inflammation attenuation and a C-terminal truncated derivative of angiopoietin-like 3 (ANL3) for cartilage regeneration. In pre-clinical models including collagen-induced arthritis mice, TNF-transgenic mice with spontaneous RA and destabilization of medial meniscus (DMM) surgical OA model, this "one-shot" combinatorial therapy significantly ameliorated disease severity, reduced synovitis and bone erosion, and potently promoted the regeneration of hyaline-like cartilage. Mechanistically, transcriptomic profiling of joint specimens revealed that the combinatorial therapy concurrently suppressed inflammatory pathways and extracellular matrix degradation pathways, meanwhile upregulating anabolic genes facilitating chondrogenesis. Collectively, our study establishes a versatile and synergistic mRNA therapy that offers a potent disease-modifying immunomodulatory strategy capable of addressing the long-standing unmet needs in arthritis treatment.

immunology↗

bioRxiv2025

Microbial community-based protein enables sustainable fishmeal replacement and improved resilience in Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

The growing demand for aquaculture feeds requires sustainable alternatives to fishmeal. Microbial community-based single-cell protein (SCP) produced from soybean-processing wastewater offers a circular approach that combines nutrient recovery with aquafeed production. We evaluated SCP as a fishmeal replacement for Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) across four feeding trials lasting 42-84 days, involving shrimp from different hatcheries and SCP produced at laboratory and pilot scales. Diets containing 0-100% fishmeal replacement, corresponding to up to 220 g SCP kg-1 feed, were tested. Replacement of 50% was consistently supported across trials, while levels up to 90% maintained several key performance outcomes, including specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, and survival, without significant differences from the fishmeal control. Complete replacement reduced growth in one trial, potentially reflecting the lower protein content and less favourable amino acid balance of SCP relative to fishmeal, particularly its lower lysine and methionine proportions. Shrimp tissue proximate and amino acid compositions showed no clear adverse responses to SCP inclusion in the trial in which they were assessed. Cross-trial analysis revealed a positive association between SCP replacement and survival after accounting for trial-specific baseline differences, with survival increasing by an estimated 1.53 percentage points for every 10-percentage-point increase in replacement (HC3 95% CI: 0.90-2.17; P < 0.001). Although the mechanisms underlying this association remain to be established, the findings support investigation of potential functional effects through targeted challenge and mechanistic studies. Overall, performance across four heterogeneous trials supports substantial fishmeal replacement by microbial community-based SCP and demonstrates its potential for practical application as a circular aquafeed ingredient.

microbiology↗