Biology subjects

Zhou, S.

Publications and source records attributed to Zhou, S..

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources

bioRxiv2025

A New Type of Nonsuppressible Viremia Produced by HIV-Infected Macrophage

BackgroundHIV-1 RNA typically declines rapidly after initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART); often reaching undetectable levels within a few weeks and remaining undetectable by standard assays. However, some patients on ART have persistent nonsuppressible viremia (NSV) that does not respond to treatment optimization or intensification. NSV can emerge at the time of ART initiation (primary NSV) or after being ART-suppressed (secondary NSV). Here, we examine mechanisms producing primary NSV in four people on ART. MethodsBlood samples were collected from four participants who, despite being adherent to ART, required approximately a year or more to become virologically suppressed. Viral RNA and proviral DNA genomes were sequenced to examine HIV-1 drug resistance, genome intactness and genetic diversity. The ability of HIV-1 Envs to facilitate efficient entry into cells expressing low levels of CD4 (a proxy for macrophage tropism) was assessed. ResultsBefore ART, the blood contained HIV-1 RNA genomes that were adapted to replication in CD4+ T cells and rapidly decayed after ART initiation. During ART, the blood contained HIV-1 genomes that were drug sensitive, genetically diverse, macrophage-tropic, not evolving and often had defects in vpr. ConclusionsOur results suggest that in individuals with primary NSV, ART stopped virus replication, but large pools of long-lived, HIV-infected macrophage continued to produce virus. This is mechanistically distinct from secondary NSV produced by CD4+ T cell clones. In addition, defects in vpr independently accumulation in macrophage-tropic lineages found in three participants, suggesting that vpr may impact survival of, or virus production from, HIV-infected macrophage. SUMMARYPeople with HIV-1 on ART can experience persistent, nonsuppressible viremia (NSV). We identified four people with a previously uncharacterized form of NSV that emerged at the time of ART initiation (primary NSV) and is notable for its genetic diversity, drug sensitivity, and macrophage tropism. This is mechanistically distinct from previously described cases of NSV produced by CD4+ T cells in people who were previously ART-suppressed (secondary NSV).

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2025

An RNA polymerase III tissue and tumor atlas uncovers context-specific activities linked to 3D epigenome regulatory mechanisms

RNA polymerase III (Pol III) produces a plethora of small noncoding RNA species involved in diverse cellular processes, from transcription regulation and splicing to RNA stability, translation, and proteostasis. Though Pol III activity is broadly coupled with cellular demands for protein synthesis and growth, a more precise understanding of gene-level dynamics and context-specific expression patterns remains missing, in part due to challenges related to sequencing and mapping Pol III-derived small ncRNAs. Here, we establish a predictive multi-tissue map of human Pol III activity across 19 tissues and 23 primary cancer subtypes by comprehensively profiling the chromatin accessibility of canonical Pol III-transcribed gene classes. Our framework relies on the unique relationship between gene accessibility and Pol III transcription, inferring activity through uniform binary classification of ATAC-seq enrichment at Pol III-transcribed genes. By characterizing multi-context gene uniformity, we provide a definition of the core Pol III transcriptome, broadly active across specialized tissues, and catalog genes with varied levels of context specificity. Our genomic Pol III atlas uncovers variable levels of activity across tissues, including sharp contraction of the Pol III transcriptome in heart and brain tissues and frequent expansion across diverse cancers. We show that both tissue- and tumor-specific genes are significantly enriched within lamina-associated domains (LADs), and that aberrant expression of nuclear lamin proteins is sufficient to induce Pol III-emergent patterns at tumor-specific genes. Together, these findings link Pol III dynamics to subnuclear compartmentalization and provide a resource for better understanding Pol III expansion and small RNA biogenesis in cancer.

genomics↗

bioRxiv2025

Single-Cell Characterization of Anterior Segment Development: Cell Types, Pathways, and Signals Driving Formation of the Trabecular Meshwork and Schlemm's Canal

Morphogenesis of the anterior segment (AS) is crucial for healthy ocular physiology and vision but is only partially understood. The Schlemms canal (SC) and trabecular meshwork (TM) are essential drainage tissues within the AS, and their proper development and function are critical for maintaining normal intraocular pressure; abnormalities in either tissue can result in elevated pressure and glaucoma. Here, we use single-cell transcriptomic profiling to provide high-resolution molecular detail of AS development with a particular focus on SC and TM. We report transcriptomes for [~]130,000 single cells at key developmental stages from postnatal day 2 (P2) to P60. We provide the first annotation of cell types across these developmental stages and crucial information about dynamic changes in pathways/gene expression. Further, we trace developmental trajectories for TM cell and SC endothelial cell (SEC) subtypes and determine genes and signaling networks driving their specific cell fates. We demonstrate dynamic changes in signaling interactions between SC and the TM cells during their synchronized development. Collectively, our data lay a deep molecular foundation for AS development that will direct understanding of normal ocular physiology, glaucoma, and other AS conditions.

developmental biology↗

bioRxiv2025

The Limitations of TabPFN for High-Dimensional RNA-seq Analysis

Tabular Prior-Data Fitted Networks (TabPFN) demonstrate remarkable performance on small-to-medium tabular datasets through in-context learning, but struggle with high-dimensional genomic data such as RNA-seq with tens of thousands of features. We investigate multiple approaches to adapt TabPFN for transcriptomic analysis using two benchmark datasets: Age-ARCHS4, a regression dataset derived from the ARCHS4 dataset (57,873 samples, 10,000 genes), and an Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) classification dataset encompassing Crohns Disease and Ulcerative Colitis samples (2,490 samples, 10,000 genes). Our experimental design proceeds in two phases: first evaluating existing optimization methods, then testing novel adaptations including (1) self-supervised embedding learning and (2) Bulk-Former integration. We demonstrate that when constrained to equal training conditions (500 features, 10,000 samples), TabPFN outperforms classical baselines like random forest and XGBoost. However, when classical methods utilize full feature sets while TabPFN adaptations attempt to handle higher-dimensional data, all TabPFN variants consistently underperform the naive baseline. Our findings reveal fundamental limitations in current approaches to adapting TabPFN for genomic applications, showing that architectural modifications paradoxically degrade performance, while intelligent metadata-based subgrouping emerges as the most effective strategy for deploying TabPFN on biological data.

bioinformatics↗

bioRxiv2025

Genetic and Epigenetic Reprogramming of Transposable Elements Drives ecDNA-Mediated Metastatic Prostate Cancer

Extrachromosomal DNAs (ecDNAs), which replicate and segregate in a non-Mendelian manner, serve as vectors for accelerated tumor evolution. By integrating chromatin accessibility, whole-genome sequencing, and Hi-C-based genome topology data from a cohort of metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer (mCRPC) cases, we show that epigenetically activated repeat DNA, amplified in ecDNAs, drive oncogene overexpression. Specifically, we identify a subgroup of mCRPCs (20%) characterized by clusters of accessible LINE1 repeat DNA elements flanking the androgen receptor (AR) gene. These LINE1 elements are co-amplified with AR and provide binding sites for prostate-lineage transcription factors, including AR, FOXA1 and HOXB13. Accessible LINE1 elements establish novel 3D chromatin interactions with the AR gene, forging a new regulatory plexus driving AR overexpression and confers resistance to androgen signaling inhibitors. Our findings indicate how tumor evolution is driven by the convergence of genetic and epigenetic alterations on repeat DNA, activating and amplifying them to allow oncogene overexpression. Statement of significanceWe show how tumor evolution is driven by the convergence of genetic and epigenetic alterations on repeat DNA elements, resulting in their activation as regulatory elements and co-amplification in ecDNAs with oncogenes in mCRPC.

cancer biology↗

bioRxiv2025

DNA Sequence Trace Reconstruction Using Deep Learning

Deciphering DNA sequences is fundamental to unlocking the mysteries of life, but the high dimensionality and complexity of biological sequence data significantly hinder knowledge discovery. In particular, the challenges of sequence length, repetitive regions, and structural complexity make it difficult to directly reconstruct complete DNA sequences from raw data. Therefore, this paper proposes a DNA sequence trace reconstruction model, DNARetrace, which performs preprocessing and dataset construction, and then employs a Bidirectional Fourier-Kolmogorov-Arnold Network (Bi-FKGAT), using an extremely unbalanced loss function for link prediction, so as to reconstruct the original DNA sequence. In multi-angle experiments using both simulated and real data, DNARetrace successfully reconstructs DNA sequence traces across large-scale datasets derived from various DNA sequencing methods, overcoming the bias of current approaches toward specific sequencing platforms, and achieves competitive outcomes in DNA storage and genomics downstream tasks. We further validated the expandability of the proposed methods in DNA sequence classification and metagenomic binning tasks. In summary, DNARetrace is compatible with various sequencing scenarios; it reduces the difficulty of discovering novelty knowledge directly from high-complexity raw data, and it provides a reusable tool to accelerate DNA sequence processing and applications.

genomics↗

bioRxiv2025

Engineering circular guide RNA and CRISPR-Cas13d-encoding mRNA for the RNA editing of Adar1 in triple-negative breast cancer immunotherapy

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat Cas endonuclease (CRISPR-Cas) systems, such as RNA-editing CRISPR-Cas13d, are poised to advance the gene therapy of various diseases. However, their clinical development has been challenged by 1) the limited biostability of linear guide RNAs (lgRNAs) susceptible to degradation, 2) the immunogenicity of prokaryotic microorganism-derived Cas proteins in human that restrains their long-term therapeutic efficacy, and 3) off-targeting gene editing caused by the prolonged Cas expression from DNA vectors. Here, we report the development of highly stable circular gRNAs (cgRNAs) and transiently-expressing Cas13d-encoding mRNA for efficient CRISPR-Cas13d editing of target mRNA. We first optimized cgRNA for CRISPR-Cas13d editing of adenosine deaminase acting on RNA type I (Adar1) transcript for the combination immunotherapy of triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). cgRNAs were synthesized by enzymatic ligation of lgRNA precursors. cgRNAs enhanced biostability with comparable Cas13d-binding affinity relative to lgRNA. Next, using ionizable lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), we co-delivered the resulting Adar1-targeting cgRNA with an mRNA encoding RfxCas13d (mRNA-RfxCas13d), a widely used Cas13d variant, to TNBC cells. As a result, relative to lgRNA, cgRNA significantly enhanced the efficiency of Adar1 knockdown with minimal collateral activity, which sensitized the cancer cells for cytokine-mediated cell apoptosis. In a 4T1 murine TNBC tumor model in syngeneic mice, Adar1-targeting cgRNA outperformed lgRNA for tumor immunotherapy in combination with immune checkpoint blockade (ICB). Collectively, these results demonstrate the great potential of cgRNA and mRNA-RfxCas13d for RNA-targeted gene editing.

bioengineering↗

bioRxiv2025

SVPG: A pangenome-based structural variant detection approach and rapid augmentation of pangenome graphs with new samples

Breakthrough advances in long-read sequencing technologies have opened unprecedented opportunities to study genetic variations through comprehensive pangenome analysis. However, the availability of structural variant (SV) calling tools that can effectively leverage pangenome information is limited. In addition, efficient construction of pangenome graphs becomes increasingly challenging with acquisition of larger number of samples. In this study, we present SVPG, an approach that leverages haplotype-resolved pangenome reference for accurate SV detection and rapid pangenome graph augmentation from long-read sequencing data. Compared to state-of-the-art SV callers, SVPG maintained superior overall performance across different sequencing technologies and coverages. SVPG also achieved notable improvements in calling rare and individual-specific SVs on both simulated and real somatic datasets. Furthermore, in a benchmark involving 20 samples, SVPG accelerated pangenome graph augmentation by nearly 10-fold compared to traditional augmentation strategies. We believe that this novel SVPG method, has the potential to revolutionize SV detection and serve as an effective and essential tool, offering new possibilities for advancing pangenomic research.

bioinformatics↗

bioRxiv2025

Integrative Species Delimitation in a Speciation Continuum: Phylogenomics, Cryptic Diversity, Diversification and Historical Biogeography of Sinocyclocheilus Cavefish

The transition from structured populations to distinct species often unfolds along a speciation continuum. However, empirically dissecting this continuum poses challenges for species delimitation, particularly in rapid radiations marked by recent divergence, incomplete lineage sorting, and gene flow. The species-rich Sinocyclocheilus cavefish radiation of Southwest China, an emerging evolutionary multi-species model system, shows a notable mismatch between its high morphological diversity and the limited divergence observed in commonly used mitochondrial DNA markers. This pattern suggests that true species richness may be underestimated. Yet, comprehensive genome-wide approaches to resolve species boundaries in this group are still lacking. To address this, we combine phylogenomics, coalescent-based species delimitation, population genetics, and historical biogeography, using both genome-wide RAD-seq and multi-locus Sanger data (including nuclear and mitochondrial DNA). Our phylogenomic analyses resolve major clades and reveal substantial cryptic diversity, well beyond what was detected by earlier markers. Species delimitation based on RAD-seq genomic data identifies several cryptic evolutionary lineages. We recover a dynamic divergence history shaped by isolation and episodic connectivity. Biogeographic reconstruction supports a mid-Miocene origin following a major vicariance event, with subsequent founder-event dispersals into subterranean habitats. This long history of fragmentation is further complicated by reticulation and ancestral polymorphism, and is reflected in present-day patterns of restricted gene flow across river valleys. These results highlight the utility of integrative genomic approaches in resolving species boundaries and uncovering the evolutionary processes that underlie high diversity in large and complex radiations.

evolutionary biology↗

bioRxiv2025

Agropyron cristatum genome provides a new insight for wheat improvement with wild relatives

Exploring novel genetic variation for target traits is crucial for advancing wheat breeding and genetic improvement. Since 1990, we have been transferring genes from Agropyron cristatum, a promising wild relative genetic resource featuring robust spike morphology and stress tolerance, into common wheat by distant hybridization. To efficiently harness A. cristatum genes, we de novo assembled a 25.62-Gb high-quality genome of an autotetraploid accession Z559 with 28 chromosomes, and uncovered its specific genome features and an extensive repertoire of genes associated with yield and resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses. We systematically characterized A. cristatum genome introgressions by resequencing 431 wheat-A. cristatum derivatives and cloned the gene AcGNS1, which functions in the regulation of grain number per spike in wheat. Subsequently, we developed an optimized genome-selection model for wheat-A. cristatum breeding derivatives, enabling the rapid selection of new potential varieties. These findings demonstrate a genomic breeding strategy for leveraging novel genetic resources of wild relatives and advancing wheat improvement.

genomics↗

bioRxiv2025

Phase-separating enzyme-responsive condensates for inhalable delivery of biomacromolecules

Inhaled delivery of biomacromolecules shows extensive promise for treating a large variety of diseases, especially pulmonary and respiratory diseases. Although nanoparticle-based vehicles enhance intracellular uptake efficiency, it still remains challenging for biomacromolecules inhaled delivery to overcome cytotoxicity, cargo leakage and off-target effect. Here, we present an enzyme-responsive condensates based highly biocompatible and controllable platform for inhaled delivery of biomacromolecules. The condensates that can be modularly designed for rapid recruitment and enrichment of biomolecules, including Cas9 ribonucleoprotein (RNP) and mRNA, were internalized by cells via lysosomal-independent endocytosis, and subsequently released payloads triggered with endogenous physicochemical stimulus for controlled regulation of genes and proteins expression. Additionally, the micrometer sized condensates with highly structural and biological stability during lyophilization and nebulization enable inhalable delivery of biomacromolecules to lung. This condensate-based vehicle provides a promising platform for biomacromolecules inhaled delivery and controlled release, targeted cell regulation, and precise therapy.

bioengineering↗

bioRxiv2025

Functional redundancy in Oxa1-family insertases supports robust membrane insertion of influenza A virus M2 viroporin

The biogenesis of thousands of highly diverse membrane proteins in humans is facilitated by an array of ER-resident membrane protein translocases. While some membrane proteins have a strict requirement for a specific insertion machinery, membrane proteins with short translocated domains may be able to access multiple pathways. Here, we quantify the functional importance of redundancy in membrane protein translocation during influenza A virus (IAV) infection by examining the biogenesis of the viroporin M2. Given the wide host and cellular tropism of IAV, the virus likely evolved mechanisms to leverage host translocation pathways efficiently. We demonstrate that although M2 utilizes the ER membrane protein complex (EMC), driven by signals encoded in its transmembrane and C-terminal domains, M2 maintains an approximately 50% membrane insertion rate in the absence of the EMC. This influences viral cell-to-cell transmission across different IAV strains, with a greater impact on those expressing lower levels of M2. We identify alternative translocation of M2 via Oxa1-family translocons independent of canonical targeting chaperones. These findings reveal how the exploitation of multiple redundant pathways can ensure robust IAV infection. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTIAV must rapidly replicate in diverse mammalian hosts, which requires efficient integration of viral proteins into host cell membranes. This study uncovers how the viral proton channel M2 utilizes multiple redundant protein insertion pathways, accessing EMC and alternative Oxa1-family translocases. Revealing these redundant strategies clarifies how cells triage membrane proteins, offering insights into both viral adaptation and host cell robustness.

cell biology↗

bioRxiv2025

Mechanical force-mediated cellular crosstalk maintains the integrity of the lung gas exchange niche

Respiratory motion imposes a constant mechanical strain that has important but poorly defined impact on tissue niches in the lung. We developed a reversible bronchial ligation model to induce and reverse unilateral blockade of lung mechanical motion in vivo and show that this leads to transcriptomic changes in multiple cell lineages that are not normalized upon reinitiation of respiratory motion. Perturbation of mechanosignaling specifically in alveolar epithelial type I (AT1) cells alters the transcriptomic state and fate of their niche neighbors, demonstrating that AT1 cells act as a node that propagates a mechanical cascade throughout the lung alveolus. Mechanically perturbed AT1 cells induce a distinct capillary endothelial cell state that persists after reactivation of respiratory motion, which is mediated by an integrin/TGF-{beta} network within the alveolus that is vulnerable to pharmacological intervention. Importantly, AT1 mechanosignaling and intercellular communication are altered in chronic human lung diseases, highlighting the critical role of an AT1-driven mechanosensing network in lung disease biology. Thus, mechanosensing cells propagate biophysical signals that regulate tissue function and program tissue responses in disease.

cell biology↗

bioRxiv2025

Bright and Photostable Voltage Sensors Derived from mBaoJin

Genetically encoded voltage indicators (GEVIs) are powerful tools for monitoring neuronal activity, but their application, particularly for long-term recordings in vivo, is often limited by photobleaching under the required high illumination intensities. This constraint restricts the total duration of continuous or trial-based experiments, crucial for studying processes like synaptic plasticity or circuit dynamics during behavior. Here, we introduce ElectraON and ElectraOFF, a pair of green fluorescent eFRET-based GEVIs engineered by incorporating a photostability-enhanced derivative of the bright monomeric fluorescent protein mBaoJin with Ace opsin variants. Critically, Electras demonstrate over 6-fold improved photostability compared to state-of-the-art eFRET GEVIs, pAce, and Ace-mNeon2, under one-photon illumination, while characterized by bright green fluorescence, millisecond kinetics, and good membrane localization. This enhanced stability translates to a 3-to >10-fold extension in functional recording duration, maintaining reliable spike detection in both cultured neurons in vitro and sparsely labeled neurons in the awake mouse cortex in vivo. We demonstrated sustained in vivo recordings exceeding 30 minutes, with instances surpassing one hour. Furthermore, Electras show functionality under scanless two-photon excitation in cultured cells. These highly photostable indicators significantly extend the temporal window for voltage imaging, broadening the scope of accessible biological questions.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2025

A Single-cell and Spatially Resolved Cell Atlas of Human Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Tumor heterogeneity and the suppressive microenvironment are key challenges that limit the effectiveness of cancer treatment. In this study, we systematically elucidated the molecular characteristics and mechanisms underlying the suppressive immune microenvironment via a combination of single-cell RNA sequencing, spatial transcriptomics, and metabolomics for a series of human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and matched nontumor tissues. We found that COL17A1+ epithelial cells presented greater malignancy, characterized by triglyceride (TG) and phosphocholine (PC) accumulation. We also identified a tumor-specific POSTN+ fibroblast subgroup. We found a unique epithelial-fibroblast niche with low infiltration of effector immune cells and substantial enrichment of lipids, composed of POSTN+ fibroblasts and COL17A1+ epithelial cells, where their crosstalk contributed to tumor progression. We confirmed that the INHBA/TP63 axis plays a key role in mediating the regulation of COL17A1+ tumor cells by POSTN+ fibroblasts. Our findings provided new insights into the characteristics of the tumor microenvironment and the crosstalk between tumor and fibroblasts, offering valuable multiomics data resources for elucidating tumor progression mechanisms.

genomics↗

bioRxiv2025

A photostable genetically encoded voltage indicator for imaging neural activities in tissue and live animals

Genetically encoded voltage indicators (GEVIs) enable noninvasive, high-speed monitoring of electrical activity but are constrained by limited brightness and rapid photobleaching under continuous illumination. Here, we present Vega, a highly photostable green fluorescence GEVI with both high sensitivity ({Delta}F/F = -33% per 100 mV) and fast response (1.34 ms). Under one-photon excitation at 1 W/cm2, Vega exhibits more than 20-fold slower photobleaching than the spectrally similar GEVI, Ace-mNeon2. In acute mouse brain slice, Vega enabled wide-field high-fidelity recording of action potentials from 51 neurons simultaneously. In pancreatic islets, it revealed heterogeneous {beta}-cell activation and intercellular coupling in response to glucose elevation. Finally, one-photon imaging in awake mice demonstrated stable cortical voltage mapping in vivo. Vega thus overcomes the longstanding photostability-performance trade-off, enabling chronic, high-fidelity voltage imaging across preparations.

bioengineering↗

bioRxiv2025

Establishing a Digital PCR-Based Reference Measurement Procedure for Monkeypox Virus: An Inter-laboratory Assessment and Standardization Study

The accurate detection of monkeypox virus (MPXV) is crucial for effective viral diagnosis and epidemic prevention. Currently, the field lacks standardized reference methods for MPXV quantification, as well as reliable pseudovirus reference materials (RMs) to ensure quality control throughout the detection process. To address this, we developed a droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) reference measurement procedure (RMP) for precise quantification of MPXV genes B6R, which demonstrates excellent performance with a wide dynamic range (11-1.24x104 copies/L), strong linearity (R2=0.9984), and a low limit of quantitation (11 copies/L, CV[≤]25%). Repeatability tests confirmed high precision, with inter-laboratory CVs <10% across nine labs using different dPCR platforms. recovery efficiencies for B6R and F3L were [~]69%, with uncertainties incorporated into final measurements. The homogeneity assessment showed good results (CV=2.94%), and stability studies confirmed the stability of the sample during -70 {degrees}C and short-term storage (4 {degrees}C/-20 {degrees}C). Mandels statistical data shows that the reproducibility between laboratories is consistent. This validated ddPCR RMP provides metrological traceability, ensuring reliable and comparable results for MPXV diagnosis and supporting public health efforts.

molecular biology↗

bioRxiv2025

Inhibiting glucocorticoid receptors enhances adult spinal cord neural stem cell activity and improves outcomes in spinal cord injury

The internal microenvironment plays a critical role in the proliferation and differentiation of endogenous neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs). A big change in the spinal cord injury (SCI) microenvironment is the elevated level of glucocorticoids. In this study, we examined the impact of glucocorticoids on endogenous NSPCs in the adult mouse spinal cord. Our findings reveal that adult spinal cord NSPCs express glucocorticoid receptors, but not mineralocorticoid receptors. Glucocorticoids were found to significantly inhibit the proliferation and neurosphere formation of NSPCs via activation of glucocorticoid receptors, and they also impaired their differentiation. Importantly, the glucocorticoid receptor inhibitor CORT125281 was shown to enhance motor function in a traumatic SCI model in mice. Treatment with CORT125281 increased the number of NSPCs at the injury site in vivo. Flow cytometry and RNA sequencing analyses indicated that glucocorticoids induce NSPC arrest in the G1/G0 phase through the p53 signaling pathway. Glucocorticoids increased the expression of cell-cycle regulatory genes p15, p16, p18, and p27 in adult spinal cord NSPCs. In summary, our data suggest that glucocorticoids elevation following SCI suppresses the proliferation of endogenous NSPCs via glucocorticoid receptor activation. Targeting glucocorticoid receptors with specific inhibitors may represent a novel therapeutic strategy to promote recovery after spinal cord injury.

neuroscience↗