Biology subjects

Zain, M.

Publications and source records attributed to Zain, M..

6 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2026

Optimizing the fertilizer N rates at different irrigation levels for optimum yield of wheat and corn at reduced nitrate leaching losses

Optimum irrigation and fertilizer nitrogen (N) rates are important to improve crop yield at reduced environmental risks in the form of NO3-N leaching losses, without any financial loss. The study aimed to investigate the impact of rational irrigation and nitrogen management on wheat and maize crop yield vs. NO3-N leaching losses, with field experiments conducted at the experimental station, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan, for two years, with wheat-fallow-corn seasons each year. Suction lysimeter were installed for collection of leachates while soil water balance was computed using the HYDRUS-1D model. We explored the various management strategies, including three irrigation and N levels (sub-optimal, optimal, and supra-optimal, referred to as I1, I2, and I3 for irrigation, and N1, N2, and N3 for nitrogen, respectively) for wheat and maize crops. The three irrigation levels were 325, 400, and 475 mm for wheat, and 375, 525, and 675 mm for maize crops. The three N-levels were 100, 130, and 160 kg ha-1 for wheat, and 220, 270, and 320 kg ha-1 for maize. The results indicated that increasing the irrigation and nitrogen levels significantly improved the growth and yield of both crops during both seasons. The highest grain yield of wheat (4.0 t ha-1) and maize (7.8 t ha-1) was observed with I3N3; however, I2N3 showed statistically no difference in yield, while showing significantly reduced (28.6%) annual NO3-N leaching losses of 23.8 kg ha-1, and the highest financial benefits of 780$. Sub-optimal levels of irrigation and N, though reduced the NO3-N leaching losses, caused significant yield losses, generally unacceptable to the farmers. Irrigation water use efficiency (WUEi) also improved by 12% in wheat and 20% in maize under I2 than that of the I3 level. Besides, considering economic profit, the highest value cost ratio (1.64 and 2.04 in wheat and maize, respectively) was achieved under the I2N3 treatment, as opposed to the other treatments. Based on comprehensive analysis, the I2N3 treatment is recommended for sustainable yield and minimal environmental risk in the wheat-maize cropping system. Moreover, it was observed that the rainy fallow period contributes 14.0-31.5% of the total NO3-N leaching losses. Further investigation is needed to minimize NO3-N leaching losses, especially during the rainy fallow period, by early maize sowing and increasing the efficiency of N fertilizer (such as fertilizer coating) under the flood irrigation system, to achieve the potential goals of sustainable productivity and environmental security.

plant biology↗

bioRxiv2023

Chronic pain mediated changes in the appetitive value of affective touch in mice

The existence of skin-to-brain circuits for rewarding gentle touch highlight its critical nature across species. However, this gentle affective touch is not always appetitive and can produce aversion or negative affect in disorders such as chronic pain. Sensory neurons expressing the protein MrgprB4 detect gentle stroking in mice and their activation of these neurons known to be positively reinforcing. Here we assess whether activation of channelrhodopsin (ChR2) expressing MrgprB4 afferents signal positively valenced tactile information and whether this is altered in models of chronic pain. We further interrogate how this this sensory information is reflected in the downstream circuits recruited. Optogenetic activation of MrgprB4 lineage afferents was found to be appetitive in control and capsaicin sensitized mice but not nerve injured mice, indicating that the appetitive value is diminished in neuropathic pain. Remarkably, this appetitive value was partially recovered in male nerve injured mice by treatment with the analgesic gabapentin. These behavioral changes were also accompanied by different patterns of neuronal activity throughout the brain, including altered activation of sites that receive direct projections from the spinal cord between sham and nerve injured mice. Together, these findings highlight the plastic nature of these affective tactile circuits under pathological conditions.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2022

Responses of Agricultural plants to Lithium pollution: Trends, Meta-Analysis, and Perspectives

Lithium (Li) is gaining attention due to rapid rise of modern industries but their ultimate fingerprints on plants are not well established. Herein, we executed a meta-analysis of the existing recent literature investigating the impact of Li sources and levels on plant species under different growth conditions to understand the existing state of knowledge. Toxic effects of Li exposure in plants varies as a function of medium and interestingly, more negative responses are reported in hydroponic media as compared to soil and foliar application. Additionally, toxic effects of Li vary with Li source materials and LiCl more negatively affected plant development parameters such as plant germination (n=48) and root biomass (n=57) and recorded highly uptake in plants (n=78), while LiNO3 has more negative effects on shoot biomass. The Li at <50 mg L-1 concentrations significantly influenced the plant physiological indicators including plant germination and root biomass, while 50-500 mg L-1 Li concentration influence the biochemical parameters. The uptake potential of Li is dose dependent and their translocation/bioaccumulation remains unknown. Future work should include complete lifespan studies of the crop to elucidate the bioaccumulation of Li in edible tissues and to investigate possible trophic transfer of Li. Environmental significanceAccumulation of Li sources is increasing in ecosystem compartments, and this might be vulnerable to plants.

plant biology↗

bioRxiv2022

Micro and Nanoplastics Interactions with Plant Species Trends, Meta-Analysis, and Perspectives

The ubiquitous presence of nano plastics (NPx) and micro plastics (MPx) in the environment has been demonstrated, and as such, the exposure scenarios, mechanisms of plant response, and ultimate risk must be determined. However, the current literature reports ambiguous outcomes and provides limited mechanistic insight into critical governing processes. Here, we performed a meta-analysis of the most recent literature investigating the effect of MPx/NPx on plant species under laboratory and field conditions so as to evaluate the current state of knowledge. Toxic effects of MPx/NPx exposure in plants varies as a function of plant species and interestingly, generally non-significant responses are reported in staple crops. NPx (<100 nm) more negatively affected plant development parameters (n=341) (n is total number of observations), photosynthetic pigments (n=80), and biochemical indicators (n=91) than did MPx (>100 nm). Surprisingly, NPx exposure yielded negligible effects on germination rate (n=17), although root morphology (n=45) was negatively affected. Alternatively, MPx negatively affected on germination (n= 27) and generally non-significant affect with regard to root morphology (n=64). The effect of MPx/NPx on plant health decreases with increasing exposure time. No specific trends were evident for the production of biochemical enzymes as related to MPx/NPx concentration or size. Future work should include crop full life cycle studies to highlight the accumulation of MPx/NPx in edible tissues and also to investigate potential trophic transfer of MPx/NPx. Furthermore, we provide a framework for additional investigative work to address these and other knowledge gaps and to enable accurate assessment of the fate and risk of these materials to environmental and human health. Environmental significanceAccumulation of plastic (MPx and NPx) particles is increasing in environmental compartments, and this might be threatened to agricultural plants. Graphical Abstract O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=198 HEIGHT=200 SRC="FIGDIR/small/480069v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1"> View larger version (57K): org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@c71fd2org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@fa1facorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1358c12org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@7f1851_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP M_FIG C_FIG

plant biology↗

bioRxiv2021

Spinal reconsolidation engages non-ionotropic NMDA receptor signaling to reverse pain hypersensitivity

Reconsolidation enables the activity-dependent modification of memory traces and has been used to reverse addiction, fear memory, and pain hypersensitivity in animal models. We demonstrate that non-ionotropic NMDA receptor signalling in the spinal dorsal horn is sufficient to reverse pain hypersensitivity and necessary for pain modulation by spinal reconsolidation. These findings reveal a key process by which reconsolidation disrupts memory traces that may be exploited in the treatment of pain and other disorders.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2020

Differential modulation of thermal preference after sensitization by optogenetic or pharmacological activation of heat-sensitive nociceptors

Common approaches to studying chronic pain in pre-clinical animal models paradoxically involve measuring reflexive withdrawal responses that are more indicative of acute nociceptive pain. These methods typically do not capture the ongoing nature of chronic pain nor report on behavioral changes associated with pain. In addition, data collection and analysis protocols are often labour-intensive and require direct investigator interactions, potentially introducing bias. In this study, we develop and characterize a low-cost, easily assembled behavioral assay that yields self-reported temperature preference from mice which is sensitive to peripheral sensitization protocols. This system uses a partially automated and freely available analysis pipeline to streamline the data collection process and enable objective analysis. We found that after intraplantar administration of the TrpV1 agonist, capsaicin, mice preferred to stay in cooler temperatures than control injected mice. We further observed that gabapentin, a non-opioid analgesic commonly prescribed to treat chronic pain, reversed this aversion to higher temperatures. We further observed that optogenetic activation of the central terminals of TrpV1+ primary afferents via in vivo spinal light delivery did not induce a similar change in thermal preference, indicating a role for peripheral nociceptor activity in the modulation of temperature preference. We conclude that this easily produced and robust sensory assay provides an alternative approach to investigate the contribution of central and peripheral mechanisms to pathological sensory processing that does not rely on reflexive responses evoked by noxious stimuli.

neuroscience↗