Biology subjects

Zaghouani, S.

Publications and source records attributed to Zaghouani, S..

5 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2025

Sensory neuronal mTORC1 signaling establishes neuroimmune memory that initiates allergic immunity

Environmental allergens are enriched in protease activity, a feature that directly activates cutaneous sensory neurons, triggering itch and Substance P release, which promotes Th2-skewing CD301b+ dendritic cell migration and initiates allergic immunity. However, allergens are typically encountered as repeated, subthreshold exposures, and how these cumulatively induce sensitization is unknown. We identify a sensory neuron-intrinsic mechanism of neuroimmune memory that enables this process. Initial activation by protease allergens induces sustained mTORC1 signaling and PGC-1-associated mitochondrial remodeling, establishing a metabolically primed state that amplifies neuroimmune responses upon allergen re-exposure. This heightened state, independent of adaptive immunity, drives enhanced itch, increased CD301b+ dendritic cell migration, and augmented Th2 differentiation. Disrupting neuronal mTORC1 signaling or mitochondrial stability abrogates this amplification while leaving primary responses intact. Importantly, this mechanism generalizes across distinct protease allergens, revealing mTORC1-driven metabolic reprogramming in sensory neurons as a form of innate neuroimmune memory underlying allergen cross-sensitization and polysensitization.

immunology↗

bioRxiv2024

The glycolytic reaction PGAM unexpectedly restrains Th17 pathogenicity and Th17-dependent autoimmunity

Glucose metabolism is a critical regulator of T cell function, largely thought to support their activation and effector differentiation. Here, we investigate the relevance of individual glycolytic reactions in determining the pathogenicity of T helper 17 (Th17) cells using single-cell RNA-seq and Compass, an algorithm we previously developed for estimating metabolic flux from single-cell transcriptomes. Surprisingly, Compass predicted that the metabolic shunt between 3-phosphoglycerate (3PG) and 2-phosphoglycerate (2PG) is inversely correlated with pathogenicity in these cells, whereas both its upstream and downstream reactions were positively correlated. Perturbation of phosphoglycerate mutase (PGAM), an enzyme required for 3PG to 2PG conversion, resulted in an increase in protein expression of IL2, IL17, and TNFa, as well as induction of a pathogenic gene expression program. Consistent with PGAM playing a pro-regulatory role, inhibiting PGAM in Th17 cells resulted in exacerbated autoimmune responses in the adoptive transfer model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Finally, we further investigated the effects of modulating glucose concentration on Th17 cells in culture. Th17 cells differentiated under high- and low-glucose conditions substantially differed in their metabolic and effector transcriptomic programs, both central to Th17 function. Importantly, the PGAM-dependent gene module marks the least pathogenic state of Th17 cells irrespective of glucose concentration. Overall, our study identifies PGAM, contrary to other glycolytic enzymes, as a negative regulator of Th17 pathogenicity.

immunology↗

bioRxiv2022

The chromatin landscape of Th17 cells reveals mechanisms of diversification of regulatory and pro-inflammatory states

Th17 cells are a heterogenous cell population consisting of non-pathogenic Th17 cells (npTh17) that contribute to tissue homeostasis and pathogenic Th17 cells (pTh17) that are potent mediators of tissue inflammation. To reveal regulatory mechanisms underlying Th17 heterogeneity, we performed combined ATAC-seq and RNA-seq and discovered substantial differences in the chromatin landscape of npTh17 and pTh17 cells both in vitro and in vivo. Compared to other CD4+ T cell subsets, npTh17 cells share accessible chromatin programs with Tregs, and pTh17 cells have an intermediate profile spanning features of npTh17 cells and Th1 cells. Integrating single-cell ATAC-seq and single-cell RNA-seq, we inferred self-reinforcing and mutually exclusive regulatory networks controlling the different cell states and predicted transcription factors (TFs) shaping the chromatin landscape of Th17 cell pathogenicity. We validated one novel TF, BACH2, which promotes immunomodulatory npTh17 programs and restrains pro-inflammatory Th1-like programs in Th17 cells and showed genetic evidence for protective variants in the human BACH2 locus associated with multiple sclerosis. Our work uncovered mechanisms that regulate Th17 heterogeneity, revealed shared regulatory programs with other CD4+ T cell subsets, and identified novel drivers of Th17 pathogenicity as potential targets to mitigate autoimmunity.

immunology↗

bioRxiv2020

In Silico Modeling of Metabolic State in Single Th17 Cells Reveals Novel Regulators of Inflammation and Autoimmunity

Cellular metabolism, a key regulator of immune responses, is difficult to study with current technologies in individual cells Here, we present Compass, an algorithm to characterize the metabolic state of cells based on single-cell RNA-Seq and flux balance analysis. We applied Compass to associate metabolic states with functional variability (pathogenic potential) amongst Th17 cells and recovered a metabolic switch between glycolysis and fatty acid oxidation, akin to known differences between Th17 and Treg cells, as well as novel targets in amino-acid pathways, which we tested through targeted metabolic assays. Compass further predicted a particular glycolytic reaction (phosphoglycerate mutase -- PGAM) that promotes an anti-inflammatory Th17 phenotype, contrary to the common understanding of glycolysis as pro-inflammatory. We demonstrate that PGAM inhibition leads non-pathogenic Th17 cells to adopt a pro-inflammatory transcriptome and induce autoimmunity in vivo. Compass is broadly applicable for characterizing metabolic states of cells and relating metabolic heterogeneity to other cellular phenotypes.

genomics↗

bioRxiv2020

Metabolic and Epigenomic Regulation of Th17/Treg Balance by the Polyamine Pathway

Cellular metabolism can orchestrate immune cell function. We previously demonstrated that lipid biosynthesis represents one such gatekeeper to Th17 cell functional state. Utilizing Compass, a transcriptome-based algorithm for prediction of metabolic flux, we constructed a comprehensive metabolic circuitry for Th17 cell function and identified the polyamine pathway as a candidate metabolic node, the flux of which regulates the inflammatory function of T cells. Testing this prediction, we found that expression and activities of enzymes of the polyamine pathway were enhanced in pathogenic Th17 cells and suppressed in regulatory T cells. Perturbation of the polyamine pathway in Th17 cells suppressed canonical Th17 cell cytokines and promoted the expression of Foxp3, accompanied by dramatic shift in transcriptome and epigenome, transitioning Th17 cells into a Treg-like state. Genetic and chemical perturbation of the polyamine pathway resulted in attenuation of tissue inflammation in an autoimmune disease model of central nervous system, with changes in T cell effector phenotype.

immunology↗