Biology subjects

Yergeau, E.

Publications and source records attributed to Yergeau, E..

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2026

Microbial community composition, but not diversity, influence microbial necromass mineralization

Soil harbours a wide diversity of microbes responsible for essential functions, such as depolymerizing the C and N in organic matter through the production of exoenzymes. Some of these exoenzymes are universal, whereas others are specific to certain microbes. We hypothesized that higher microbial alpha diversity is associated with greater depolymerization capacity, specifically for protein and cellulose depolymerization, which will result in more N being mineralized. We therefore diluted two soil microbial communities, one from a forest soil and one from an agricultural soil, to create a diversity gradient. After nine weeks, we transferred these communities to a synthetic soil in which microbial necromass was the only nitrogen source. Before the transfer and two weeks after, we quantified protease, deaminase and {beta}-glucosidase potential activity, characterized the bacterial and fungal communities, and measured the quantity of nitrogen mineralized. The dilution had very little effect on the processes measured, with no clear trend. For identical alpha diversity values, some communities had high process rates, while other not. It appeared that these communities varied widely, a side effect of the dilution approach, and that this variation was significantly linked to process rates. This shows that community composition (beta diversity) is more strongly related to enzymatic potential and mineralization than species richness (alpha diversity) following necromass addition. In conclusion, the relationship between diversity and depolymerization of microbial necromass is not simply a matter of a linear decrease along with diversity but is rather linked to how reduced diversity results in more stochastic microbial communities. Highlights- Community composition (beta diversity) influence more microbial necromass depolymerization than species richness - Abundance of specific microbes explained ammonification and nitrification processes - Mineralization rates is different between crop and forest soil

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2026

Seed microbiota legacy mitigates the effect of drought in wheat

Seeds carry epiphytes and endophytes microbial partners that can shape plant fitness. However, whether these microbial communities serve as transgenerational memory systems of parental stress remains largely unstudied. Here, we combined multi-year field rainfall manipulation experiments in eastern Canada with a greenhouse experiment in western Canada to test whether seed-associated microbiota transmit drought legacies across plant generations. In the field experiment, reduced rainfall initially decreased yield in the drought-sensitive wheat cultivar (AC Nass), but selected for distinct seed bacterial endophyte communities. In subsequent generations, plants whose seed microbiota retained compositional similarity to these drought-adapted communities showed enhanced yield stability under upcoming water stress. A transgenerational field test confirmed that daughter plants derived from drought-exposed parent plants maintained performance under water limitation, whereas those from wetter origins did not. In an independent greenhouse assay using seeds from Saskatchewan fields differing in long- and short-term irrigation history, AC Nass plants from water-stress legacy sites exhibited higher photosynthetic efficiency, water-use efficiency, and root bacterial diversity under drought. Together, these findings demonstrate that seed-associated microbiota act as ecological archives of stress history, transmitting drought legacies across generations in a cultivar and year-dependent manner.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2026

Synergistic plant-microbe interactions drive the remediation of naphthenic acid fractional compounds in a constructed wetland mesocosm

Constructed wetland treatment systems (CWTSs) are promising options for treating oil-sands process-affected water (OSPW), which contains toxic naphthenic acid fraction compounds (NAFCs). However, the molecular mechanisms underlying NAFCs attenuation by plants and root microbes remain poorly resolved. In our previous mesocosm study, common cattail (Typha latifolia) increased NAFCs removal by 2.5-fold relative to unplanted controls with no significant effect on plant growth. Here, using RNA from the same experimental system, we applied metatranscriptomics to 40 root samples collected over 60 days to examine plant and active-microbial responses to OSPW exposure. The active-root-associated-microbial community was dominated by Pseudomonadota, which showed a slight increase with exposure to OSPW. Burkholderiales were the most active family, though their relative activity decreased in OSPW systems, where Flavobacteriaceae (Bacteroidota) activity increased. Clear microbial-community shifts were driven by time and OSPW exposure. Although 18 previously proposed microbial NAFC-degradation genes were not differentially expressed, 42 other genes with potential roles in NAFC or related organic compound degradation showed differential expression in OSPW-filled mesocosms. This activity was dominated by specific oxidoreductases from Burkholderiales and Rhizobiales. Crucially, host plant actively responded to OSPW, robustly up-regulating genes encoding oxidoreductases, transporters, and glycosyltransferases, some of which are related to xenobiotic stress and detoxification. Taken together, these results show coordinated plant and microbial transcriptional responses in a system where NAFC removal had already been measured chemically. They help explain the response of OSPW-exposed mesocosms, but the observed patterns likely reflect the broader OSPW mixture rather than NAFCs alone.

ecology↗

bioRxiv2025

Natural genetic transformation of the wheat rhizosphere microbial community through DNA inoculations

Rhizosphere microorganisms are known to be able to modify the plants ability to resist abiotic stresses. It is, however, difficult to modify microbial communities to improve plant phenotypes. Here we tested if a rhizosphere microbial community from a water-stress naive soil could be modified by adding DNA extracted from soils with a water stress history. Six-week-old wheat plants growing under low or high-water availabilities were inoculated with DNA extracted from soils with contrasting long-term histories of water availability - one continuously and the other intermittently exposed to water deficit. The fate of the inoculated DNA in the rhizosphere microbial communities was assessed by shotgun metagenomics. Putatively transferred inoculum genes were disproportionately found in the Acidobacteria and Bacteroidetes and belonged to functional category such as antibiotics, biofilm, and carboxylates metabolism, among others. These functional categories were shared by pre-inoculation laterally transferred genes in the recipient soil, highlighting their usefulness for life in soil. The "continuous" inoculum reduced the stress levels of wheat under reduced soil water content, suggesting that the natural genetic transformation of the rhizosphere community can feedback to the plant. Altogether, we are providing evidence for an ecological mechanism that could be harnessed to modify plant-associated microbial communities and help plants sustain water stress.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2025

Previous legume identity influences wheat protein content through organic matter depolymerization

In crop rotation systems, plant-soil feedback (PSF) effects can modulate nutrient cycling in soil, like organic carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycling. Organic nitrogen is present in plant and microbial necromass, and it must be depolymerized by microbes to become available for crops. Since plant identity can modulate microbial diversity and community composition, we thought that previous crop identity and its residue management would also change the microbial functional capacity, and thereby impact soil N availability, and the quality and yield of the following crop. To test this, two legumes (Vicia faba L., i.e. faba bean, and Pisum sativum L., i.e., yellow pea) were grown in two fields (Cloutier, and Palmarolle) in Abitibi-Temiscamingue, Quebec, Canada (n=3 for each field). At the end of the growing season, we harvested peas and faba beans in both fields. During the following growing season, spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was sown and received, or not granulated chicken manure as an organic fertilizer. We determined the diversity and composition of the microbial communities and their enzymatic depolymerization capacity in the soil and the rhizosphere each growing season. During wheat growth, previous legumes shaped bacterial (p-value = 0.006) and fungal (p-value = 0.001) communities without modulating the enzymatic activity of wheat-associated rhizosphere microbes. However, faba bean as a previous crop increased soil ammonium and wheat grain protein content at harvest as compared to peas at Cloutier. Altogether, our results show that faba beans can enhance wheat N nutrition, without a concomitant increase in potential protein or cellulose depolymerization, suggesting more mineralization due to increases in fungal: bacterial ratio or in the availability of substrates. Understanding plant-soil feedback in crop rotation systems is crucial to improve our practices and sustainably meet crops nutritional needs. O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=122 SRC="FIGDIR/small/694934v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1"> View larger version (37K): org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@129f684org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1f78d20org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@152466dorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@8da2e2_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP M_FIG C_FIG HighlightsO_LIPrevious crop identity distinctively shaped wheat rhizosphere microbial communities C_LIO_LIPrevious legume did not altered the enzymatic activity of wheat-associated rhizosphere microbes, but increased soil ammonium C_LIO_LIWheat grain protein content was higher following faba bean than peas C_LI

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2025

The metatranscriptomic response of the wheat rhizosphere to drought varies with growth stages.

Microbes can help plant sustain abiotic stresses, such as drought. Plant-microbe interactions are, however, dynamic and the timing of the stress will affect both partners, directly and indirectly. Here, we hypothesize that the effect of drought stress on the wheat rhizosphere microbiome would change between key growth stages. We grew wheat in pots and reduced soil water content for two weeks at stem elongation, booting, or heading. We then sampled the rhizosphere soil and sequenced its metatranscriptome. The timing of the drought strongly affected the transcriptional response of the microbes, but few differentially abundant transcripts were shared across all stages. Some common patterns were however observed at higher taxonomical or functional levels. Drought also affected the normal succession across wheat growth stages. Many of the differentially abundant transcripts, taxa and functions between growth stages of the control plants were not significant anymore for plants that experienced drought. Our results suggest that the timing of the drought event is paramount to the microbial rhizosphere communities, and that it could explain the heightened sensitivity of younger plants to stresses.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2025

Plant miRNAs and amino acids interact to shape soil bacterial communities.

Plants and microbes use many strategies to acquire soil amino acids. Recent findings suggest that genes related to amino acid metabolism and transport are influenced by plant miRNAs. This was the first report of a plant-derived molecule with the potential to modify microbial amino acid uptake. Here, we first show that Arabidopsis modifies its root miRNA content when fertilized with a mixture of 17 amino acids. The miRNAs that responded to amino acid fertilization and other rhizosphere-abundant miRNAs were applied to a simplified soil community, grown with diverse amino acid sources, to test if they interfered with microbial community growth, community composition and amino acid consumption. Plant miRNAs affected the communitys growth in over 70 % of the amino acid sources. The effectiveness of plant miRNAs also depended on the N source supplied to the microbial community, with the strongest effect observed with L-lysine. Specifically, ath-miR159a reduced the microbial consumption of L-lysine, further supporting that plant miRNAs can influence microbial amino acid uptake. Plant miRNAs also affected the relative abundance of specific bacterial taxa, which we subsequently isolated. All isolates were affected in terms of growth when exposed to miRNAs. Two out of three isolates were also impacted in their amino acid consumption. Surprisingly, while plant miRNAs inhibited amino acid consumption at both the community and isolate levels, they had mostly positive effects. Our results suggest that rhizospheric plant miRNAs might have a role in modulating the amino acid consumption of soil bacteria, but not necessarily in a competitive framework.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2025

Potential mode of action of multispecies inoculums on wheat growth under water stress

Manipulating microbial communities could increase crop resistance to environmental stressors such as drought. It is, however, not clear what would be the best approach to do so and what microbial traits are important. Here, we first compare multispecies inoculums created using different approaches. The only inoculum that increased wheat fresh biomass under drought was the one created from 25 isolates that had showed a capacity to grow under high osmolarity. We then looked at two potential mechanisms of action of this inoculum: 1) direct action, by sequencing and screening the genomes of the inoculated bacteria, 2) indirect action, by sequencing the 16S rRNA gene and ITS region of rhizosphere, root and leaves microbial communities. The microbes in the inoculum harbored many traits related to plant growth promoting, competition and water stress resistance. The inoculation also resulted in significant shifts in the microbial communities associated with wheat, including some microorganisms previously reported to improve plant drought resistance. We conclude that the inoculum studied here increased wheat growth because it potentially acted on two fronts: directly, through the traits it was selected for, and indirectly, through inducing shifts in the resident plant microbial communities.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2023

Intermittent water stress favors microbial generalists that better help wheat under drought

Microorganisms can improve plant resistance to drought through various mechanisms such as the production of plant hormones, osmolytes, antioxidants, and exopolysaccharides. It is, however, unclear how previous exposure to water stress affects the functional capacity of the soil microbial community to help plants resist drought. We compared two soils that had either a continuous or intermittent water stress history for almost forty years. We grew wheat in these soils and subjected it to a water stress, after which we collected the rhizosphere soil and shotgun sequenced its metagenome. Wheat growing in the soil with an intermittent water stress history maintained a higher fresh biomass when subjected to water stress. Genes related to resistance to drought were more abundant in the metagenome and more prevalent, diversified, and redundant in the metagenome assembled genomes of the soil with an intermittent water stress history as compared to the soil with a continuous water stress history. We suggest that an intermittent water stress history selects for generalists that are adapted to both low and replete water contents, and that these generalists harbor a larger repertoire of genes beneficial for life under water stress.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2022

Impact of growth-promoting alternatives on weight gain and gut microbial diversity and activity in piglets

In swine husbandry, weaning is a critical event for piglets which causes environmental, nutritional, and psychological stresses, with consequences such as intestinal dysbiosis. To counteract this issue, producers resorted to the use of in-feed antimicrobials to prevent post-weaning diarrhea and to promote growth for increased animal performance. However, the use of antibiotic for growth promotion was banned in many countries. In-feed supplements have great potential as alternative strategies. This study evaluated the effect on gut microbial activity, microbiome, and animal performance of combinations of peri-weaning feeding strategies such as bovine colostrum, medium-chain fatty acids and yeast extract. We quantified weight gain, intestinal pH, volatile fatty acids, and characterized the gut microbiota on ileum, cecum, and colon digestates. Overall, the feed supplements had limited impact on weight gain and volatile fatty acids production. However, the combined treatments have demonstrated a modulatory effect on gut microbiota which supports a potential role as an alternative to growth-promoting antibiotic in the swine industry.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2022

The effect of wheat genotype on its microbiome is more evident in roots than rhizosphere and is strongly influenced by time

Crop breeding has traditionally ignored the plant-associated microbial communities. Consideration of the interactions between plant genotype and associated microbiota is of value since different genotypes of the same crop often harbor distinct microbial communities which can influence the plant phenotype. However, recent studies have reported contrasting results, which led us to hypothesize that the effect of genotype is constrained by time (growth stage, year) and space (plant compartment). To test this hypothesis, we sampled bulk soil, rhizosphere soil and roots of 10 wheat genotypes, twice per year, for 4 years. DNA was extracted and regions of the bacterial 16S rRNA and CPN60 genes and the fungal ITS region were amplified and sequenced. The effect of genotype was highly contingent on the time of sampling and on the plant compartment sampled. Only for a few sampling dates, were the microbial communities significantly different across genotypes. The effect of genotype was most often significant for root microbial communities. The three marker genes used provided a highly coherent picture of the effect of genotype. Taken together, our results confirm that microbial communities in the plant environment strongly vary temporally and spatially and that this can mask the effect of genotype.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2022

Metatranscriptomic response of the wheat holobiont to decreasing soil water content

Crops associate with microorganisms that help their resistance to biotic. However, it is not clear how the different partners of this association react during exposure to stresses. This knowledge is needed to target the right partners when trying to adapt crops to climate change. Here, we grew wheat in the field under rainout shelters that let through 100%, 75%, 50% and 25% of the precipitation. At the peak of the growing season, we sampled plant roots and rhizosphere, and extracted and sequenced their RNA. We compared the 100% and the 25% treatments using differential abundance analysis. In the roots, most of the differentially abundant (DA) transcripts belonged to the fungi, and most were more abundant in the 25% precipitation treatment. About 10% of the DA transcripts belonged to the plant and most were less abundant in the 25% precipitation treatment. In the rhizosphere, most of the DA transcripts belonged to the bacteria and were generally more abundant in the 25% precipitation treatment. Taken together, our results show that the transcriptomic response of the wheat holobiont to decreasing precipitation levels is more intense for the fungal and bacterial partners than for the plant.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2022

Early season soil microbiome best predicts wheat grain quality

Previous studies have shown that it is possible to accurately predict wheat grain quality and yields using microbial indicators. However, it is uncertain what the best timing for sampling is. For optimal usefulness of this modeling approach, microbial indicators from samples taken early in the season should have the best predictive power. Here, we sampled a field every two weeks across a single growing season and measured a wide array of microbial parameters (amplicon sequencing, abundance of N-cycle related functional genes, and microbial carbon usage) to find the moment when the microbial predictive power for wheat grain baking quality is highest. We found that the highest predictive power for wheat grain quality was for microbial data derived from samples taken early in the season (May-June) which coincides roughly with the seedling and tillering growth stages, that are important for wheat N nutrition. Our models based on LASSO regression also highlighted a set of microbial parameters highly coherent with our previous surveys, including alpha- and beta-diversity indices and N-cycle genes. Taken together, our results suggest that measuring microbial parameters early in the wheat growing season could help farmers better predict wheat grain quality.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2022

Plants release miRNAs in the rhizosphere, targeting microbial genes

Recently, small RNAs have been shown to play important roles in cross-kingdom communication, notably in plant-pathogen relationships. Plant miRNAs were even shown to regulate gene expression in the gut microbiota. But what impact do they have on the plant microbiota? Here we hypothesized that plant miRNAs can be found in the rhizosphere of plants, where they are taken up by rhizosphere bacteria, influencing their gene expression, thereby shaping the rhizosphere bacterial community. We found plant miRNAs in the rhizosphere of Arabidopsis thaliana and Brachypodium distachyon. These plant miRNAs were also found in rhizosphere bacteria, and fluorescent synthetic miRNAs were taken up by cultivated bacteria. A mixture of five plant miRNAs modulated the expression of more than a hundred genes in Variovorax paradoxus, whereas no effect was observed in Bacillus mycoides. Similarly, when V. paradoxus was grown in the rhizosphere of Arabidopsis that overexpressed a miRNA, it changed its gene expression profile. The rhizosphere bacterial communities of Arabidopsis mutants that were impaired in their miRNA or small RNA pathways differed from wildtype plants. Similarly, bacterial communities of Arabidopsis overexpressing specific miRNAs diverged from control plants. Finally, the growth and the abundance of specific ASVs of a simplified soil community were affected by exposure to a mixture of synthetic plant miRNAs. Taken together, our results support a paradigm shift in plant-bacteria interactions in the rhizosphere, adding miRNAs to the plant tools shaping microbial assembly.

plant biology↗

bioRxiv2021

Animal soil food web complexity triggers shifts in microbial communities, including PAH degraders, but without clear effects on phenanthrene phytoremediation

The aim of this study was to determine whether the complexity of the animal soil food web (SFWC) is a significant factor influencing the soil microbial communities, the productivity of the willow, and the degradation rates of 100 mg kg-1 phenanthrene contamination. The SFWC treatment had eight levels: just the microbial community (BF), or the BF with nematodes (N), springtails (C), earthworms (E), CE, CN, EN, CEN. After eight weeks of growth, the height and biomass of willows were significantly affected by the SFWC, whereas the amount of phenanthrene degraded was not affected, reaching over 95% in all pots. SFWC affected the structure and the composition of the bacterial, archaeal and fungal communities, with significant effects of SFWC on the relative abundance of fungal genera such as Sphaerosporella, a known willow symbiont during phytoremediation, and bacterial phyla such as Actinobacteriota, containing many PAH degraders. These SFWC effects on microbial communities were not clearly reflected in the community structure and abundance of PAH degraders, even though some degraders related to the Actinobacteriota and the diversity of Gram-negative degraders were affected by the SFWC treatments. Overall, our results suggest that, under our experimental conditions, SFWC does not affect significantly willow phytoremediation outcomes. ImportancePolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) pose a threat to soil ecosystems. Phytoremediation is a green technology that can help restore ecosystems health affected by PAH contamination. Past research on phytoremediation of PAH has focused on the roles of plant and microbes in contaminant fates. However, soil environments usually harbor large faunal communities that interact with both the plant and the microbial communities, potentially altering the phytoremediation process. We hypothesized that soil food web complexity (SFWC), represented by increasing levels of soil fauna, influences PAH degradation through interactions with the plant and the microbes. In this study, we demonstrated that SFWC increases the plant biomass and changes the composition of the microbial community, especially the fungal structure. In our pot experiment, more complex levels of SFWC did not contribute to higher degradation rates, but the increased plant biomass and the higher relative abundance of fungal genera associated with lower plant stress could indirectly contribute to better phytoremediation outcomes. Our results highlight the importance of considering the contributions of soil fauna to the success of phytoremediation.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2021

Relative and quantitative rhizosphere microbiome profiling result in distinct abundance patterns

Next-generation sequencing is recognized as one of the most popular and cost-effective way of characterizing microbiome in multiple samples. However, most of the currently available amplicon sequencing approaches are inherently limited, as they are often presented based on the relative abundance of microbial taxa, which may not fully represent actual microbiome profiles. Here, we combined amplicon sequencing (16S rRNA gene for bacteria and ITS region for fungi) with real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) to characterize the rhizosphere microbiome of wheat. We show that the increase in relative abundance of major microbial phyla does not necessarily result in an increase in abundance. One striking observation when comparing relative and quantitative abundances was a substantial increase in the abundance of almost all phyla associated with the rhizosphere of plants grown in soil with no history of water stress as compared with the rhizosphere of plants growing in soil with a history of water stress, which was in contradiction with the trends observed in the relative abundance data. Our results suggest that the estimated absolute abundance approach gives a different perspective than the relative abundance approach, providing complementary information that helps to better understand the rhizosphere microbiome.

ecology↗

bioRxiv2020

Soil characteristics constrain the response of bacterial and fungal communities and hydrocarbon degradation genes to phenanthrene soil contamination and phytoremediation with poplars

Rhizodegradation is a promising cleanup technology where microorganisms degrade soil contaminants in the rhizosphere. A symbiotic relationship is expected to occur between plant roots and soil microorganisms in contaminated soils that enhance natural microbial degradation in soils. However, little is known about how this initial microbiota influences the rhizodegradation outcome in a context of different soil microbiotas. Recent studies have hinted that soil initial diversity has a determining effect on the outcome of contaminant degradation. To test this hypothesis, we planted (P) or not (NP) balsam poplars (Populus balsamifera) in two soils of contrasting diversity (agricultural and forest) that were contaminated or not with 50 mg kg-1 of phenanthrene (PHE). The DNA from the rhizosphere of the P and the bulk soil of the NP pots was extracted and the bacterial genes encoding for the 16S rRNA, the PAH ring-hydroxylating dioxygenase alpha subunits (PAH-RHD) of gram-positive (GP) and gram-negative (GN) bacteria, and the fungal ITS region were sequenced to characterize the microbial communities. and the abundance of the PAH-RHD genes were also quantified by real-time quantitative PCR. Plant presence had a significant effect on PHE degradation only in the forest soil, whereas both NP and P agricultural soils degraded the same amount of PHE. Bacterial communities were principally affected by the soil type, and upon contamination the dominant PAH degrading community was similarly constrained by soil type. Our results highlight the crucial importance of soil microbial and physicochemical characteristics in the outcome of rhizoremediation.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2020

Nitrapyrin has far reaching effects on the soil microbial community structure, composition, diversity and functions

Nitrapyrin is one of the most common nitrification inhibitors that are used to retain N in the ammonia form in soil to improve crop yields and quality. Whereas the inhibitory effect of nitrapyrin is supposedly specific to ammonia oxidizers, in view of the keystone role of this group in soils, nitrapyrin could have far-reaching impacts. Here, we tested the hypothesis that nitrapyrin leads to large shifts in soil microbial community structure, composition, diversity and functions, beyond its effect on ammonia-oxidizers. To test this hypothesis, we set-up a field experiment where wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. AC Walton) was fertilized with ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) and supplemented or not with nitrapyrin. Rhizosphere and bulk soils were sampled twice, DNA was extracted, the 16S rRNA gene and ITS region were amplified and sequenced to follow shifts in archaeal, bacterial and fungal community structure, composition and diversity. To assess microbial functions, several genes involved in the nitrogen cycle were quantified by real-time qPCR and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were trapped in the rhizosphere at the moment of sampling. As expected, sampling date and plant compartment had overwhelming effects on the microbial communities. However, within these strong effects, we found statistically significant effects of nitrapyrin on the relative abundance of Thaumarchaeota, Proteobacteria, Nitrospirae and Basidiomycota, and on several genera. Nitrapyrin also significantly affected bacterial and fungal community structure, and the abundance of all the N-cycle gene tested, but always in interaction with sampling date. In contrast, nitrapyrin had no significant effect on the emission of VOCs, where only sampling date significantly influenced the profiles observed. Our results point out far-reaching effects of nitrapyrin on soil and plant associated microbial communities, well beyond its predicted direct effect on ammonia-oxidizers. In the longer term, these shifts might counteract the positive effect of nitrapyrin on crop nutrition and greenhouse gas emissions.

microbiology↗