Revealing multiscale architecture of the intact human spine using hierarchical phase contrast tomography
Background: Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provide detailed clinical assessment of the human spine; however, their millimeter-scale spatial resolution limits direct visualization of tissue microarchitecture and interfaces. Hierarchical phase-contrast tomography (HiP-CT) enables ex vivo non-destructive, micron-resolution imaging of intact human organs without exogenous contrast agents, extending anatomical assessment to spatial scales inaccessible to conventional clinical imaging. Purpose: To evaluate the capability of HiP-CT to visualize macro- to microanatomy of an intact adult human spine ex vivo. Methods: An intact spine (C1-L5) from a 62-year-old male donor without known skeletal disease was formalin-fixed and imaged by HiP-CT at the European Synchrotron. Whole-spine imaging was performed at 16.26 m isotropic voxels, with selected regions of interest imaged using 2.2 m voxels. Ex vivo MRI using clinical sequences was performed for anatomical comparison. Three-dimensional segmentation and quantitative analyses included intervertebral disc (IVD) grading, annulus fibrosus fiber tracing, and vertebral trabecular micro-morphometry. Results: HiP-CT enabled high spatial-resolution, multiscale imaging of the intact human spine, simultaneously visualizing vertebral bone and endplate, IVDs, spinal cord and meninges, nerve roots and ganglia, vasculature, ligaments, and musculature. Three-dimensional segmentation and virtual sectioning mapped neurovascular anatomy and vertebral vascular supply, without exogenous contrast enhancement, while preserving their relationships with surrounding tissues. Whole-spine images enabled quantitative analysis of annulus fibrosus fiber organization and vertebral trabecular microarchitecture, permitting the detection of focal posterolateral fiber disruption at the L4-L5 IVD and regional differences in trabecular architecture between cervical and lumbar vertebral bodies. Local tomography resolved annulus fibrosus lamellae, vertebral endplate Haversian systems, and facet joint hyaline cartilage at micron resolution. Conclusions: HiP-CT enables non-destructive, multiscale three-dimensional imaging of the intact human spine while preserving tissue relationships across spatial scales and hard-soft tissue boundaries. HiP-CT could provide an ex vivo microanatomical reference for future correlation with clinical imaging investigations of spinal disease and in the development and validation of imaging biomarkers.