HSV-1 miRNAs are posttranscriptionaly edited in latently infected human ganglia
Viruses use miRNAs to enable efficient replication, control host defense mechanisms, and regulate latent infection. Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) expresses multiple miRNAs, whose functions are largely unknown. The evolutionary conservation of many HSV-1 miRNAs in the closely related HSV-2 suggests their functional importance. miRNAs, similar to other transcripts, can undergo various posttranscriptional modifications that may affect their biogenesis, stability and targeting. To investigate whether editing occurs in HSV-1 miRNAs, we sequenced samples from latently infected human ganglia. We show that one of the six HSV-1 miRNAs (miR-H2 to -H8) that define HSV-1 latency, miR-H2, exhibits A-to-I hyperediting within the miRNA seed sequence. We observed the same specific miR-H2 hyperediting phenomenon in miRNAs isolated from the ganglia of latently infected mice and, to a lesser extent, during productive infection in cultured cells. Curiously, we found no evidence of editing of the encoded HSV-2 homolog in latently infected mice or in cultured cells. The efficient loading of the edited miRNAs onto the RISC complex, indicates their ability to function as miRNAs. To investigate the potential of the edited miRNA to alter mRNA targeting, we predicted the host and viral targets for the modified miRNAs. Nucleotide substitution in the seed region significantly increased the number of potential host and viral targets. Most notably, ICP4, an essential viral protein, was predicted to be an additional target. Using transfection assays, we demonstrated that edited miRNAs have the potential to regulate ICP4 in addition to the previously identified target ICP0. Our study identifies a specific hyperedited HSV-1 mRNA, miR-H2, and highlights how the virus can use a single miRNA to target multiple transcripts during persistent, latent infection. ImportanceHerpes simplex virus 1 is an important human pathogen and intensively studied for many decades. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanisms regulating its establishment, maintenance, and reactivation from latency are poorly understood. Here, we show that HSV- 1 encoded miR-H2 is post-transcriptionally edited in latently infected human tissues. Hyperediting of viral miRNAs increases the targeting potential of these miRNAs and may play an important role in regulating latency. We show that the edited miR-H2 (miR-H2-e) can target ICP4, an essential viral protein. Interestingly, we found no evidence of hyperdating of its homolog, miR-H2, which is expressed by the closely related virus HSV-2. The discovery of posttranslational modifications of viral miRNA in the latency phase suggests that these processes may also be important for other non-coding viral RNA in the latency phase, including the intron LAT, which in turn may be crucial for understanding the biology of this virus.