Whitaker, E. E. | Search bioRxiv

bioRxiv2023

Novel expression of major histocompatibility complex II in dorsal root ganglion neurons attenuates paclitaxel-induced cold hypersensitivity in male and female mice

Chemotherapy is often a life-saving treatment, but the development of intractable pain caused by chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a major dose-limiting toxicity that restricts survival rates. Recent reports demonstrate that paclitaxel (PTX) robustly increases anti-inflammatory CD4+ T cells in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG), and that T cells and anti-inflammatory cytokines are protective against CIPN. However, the mechanism by which CD4+ T cells are activated, and the extent cytokines released by CD4+ T cells target DRG neurons are unknown. Here, we found novel expression of functional major histocompatibility complex II (MHCII) protein in DRG neurons, and CD4+ T cells in close proximity to DRG neurons, together suggesting CD4+ T cell activation and targeted cytokine release. MHCII protein is primarily expressed in small nociceptive neurons in male mouse DRG regardless of PTX, while MHCII is induced in small nociceptive neurons in female DRG after PTX. Accordingly, reducing MHCII in small nociceptive neurons increased hypersensitivity to cold only in naive male mice, but increased severity of PTX-induced cold hypersensitivity in both sexes. Collectively, our results demonstrate expression of MHCII on DRG neurons and a functional role during homeostasis and inflammation. Graphical abstract O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=178 SRC="FIGDIR/small/535136v3_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1"> View larger version (28K): org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@46400dorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@17335eorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@12d8e87org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1e8562f_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP M_FIG C_FIG Created with Biorender.com SummaryNovel expression of functional MHCII protein was detected on the surface of DRG neurons, suggesting a potential mechanism for CD4+ T cell activation and targeted cytokine release. Reducing MHCII from a subpopulation of neurons known to contribute to CIPN increased the severity of PTX-induced cold hypersensitivity in female and male mice.

immunology↗

bioRxiv2018

EWI-2 Inhibits Cell-Cell Fusion at the Virological Synapse

Cell-to-cell transfer of virus particles through the virological synapse (VS) is a highly efficient mode of HIV-1 transmission. Formation of the VS, a transient multiform adhesion structure, is mediated through an interaction between the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) and the viral receptor CD4 on the surface of infected cell and target cell, respectively. Given that Env, unlike many other viral fusogens, can mediate the merger of membranes at neutral pH, the close encounter of infected and uninfected cells would seem prone to result in cell-cell fusion and thus the formation of syncytia. However, while it is being recognized now that small, T cell-based syncytia are indeed a defining feature of the natural history of HIV-1, the majority of VSs nevertheless resolve without fusion, thus securing continued virus spread. Gag, the main viral structural component, is partially responsible for restraining Env and preventing it from becoming fusogenic before being incorporated into particles. In addition, a few cellular factors, including tetraspanins and ezrin, have also been shown to inhibit Envs activity while this fusogen is still part of the producer cell. Here, we identify EWI-2, a protein that was previously shown to associate with the tetraspanins CD9 and CD81 and also with ezrin, as a host factor that contributes to the inhibition of Env{-}mediated cell-cell fusion. Using fluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry, and TZM-bl fusion assays, we show that EWI-2, comparable to tetraspanins, while overall being downregulated upon HIV-1 infection, accumulates at the producer cell side of the VS (i.e. the presynapse), where it contributes to the fusion-preventing activities of the other viral and cellular components.

microbiology↗