Spaceflight alters host-gut microbiota interactions
The rodent habitat on the International Space Station has provided crucial insights into the impact of spaceflight on mammals, including observation of symptoms characteristic of liver disease, insulin resistance, osteopenia and myopathy. Although these physiological responses can involve the microbiome when observed on Earth, changes in host-microbiota interactions during spaceflight are still being elucidated. Here, NASA GeneLab multiomic data from the Rodent Research 6 mission are used to determine changes to gut microbiota and murine host colon and liver gene expression after 29 and 56-days of spaceflight. Using hybrid amplicon and whole metagenome sequencing analysis, significant spaceflight-associated alterations to 42 microbiome species were identified. These included relative reductions of bacteria associated with bile acid and butyrate metabolism, such as Extibacter muris and Dysosmobacter welbionis. Functional prediction suggested over-representation of fatty acid and bile acid metabolism, extracellular matrix interactions, and antibiotic resistance genes within the gut microbiome, while host intestinal and hepatic gene expression described corresponding changes to host bile acid and energy metabolism, and immune suppression from spaceflight. Taken together, these changes imply that interactions at the host-gut microbiome interface contribute to spaceflight pathology and highlight how these interactions might critically influence human health and the feasibility of long-duration spaceflight.