Wang, B.-Y. | Search bioRxiv

bioRxiv2021

Electronic "photoreceptors" enable prosthetic vision with acuity matching the natural resolution in rats

Localized stimulation of the inner retinal neurons for high-acuity prosthetic vision requires small pixels and minimal cross-talk from neighboring electrodes. Local return electrodes within each pixel limit crosstalk, but can over-constrain the electric field, thus precluding efficient stimulation with subretinal pixels smaller than 50 m. Here we demonstrate high-resolution prosthetic vision based on a novel design of a photovoltaic array, where field confinement is achieved dynamically, leveraging the adjustable conductivity of the diodes under forward bias to turn the designated pixels into transient returns. We validated computational modeling of the field confinement in such an optically-controlled circuit by ex-vivo and in-vivo measurements. Most importantly, using this strategy, we demonstrated that the grating acuity with 40 m pixels matches the pixel pitch, while with 20 m pixels, it reaches the 28 m limit of the natural visual resolution in rats. This method enables customized field shaping based on individual retinal thickness and distance from the implant, paving the way to prosthetic vision with acuity as high as 20/80 in atrophic macular degeneration.

bioengineering↗

bioRxiv2020

Vertical-junction Photodiodes for High-resolution Retinal Prostheses

ObjectiveTo restore central vision in patients with atrophic age-related macular degeneration, we replace the lost photoreceptors with photovoltaic pixels, which convert light into current and stimulate the secondary retinal neurons. Clinical trials demonstrated prosthetic acuity closely matching the sampling limit of the 100 m pixels, and hence smaller pixels are required for improving visual acuity. However, with smaller flat bipolar pixels, the electric field penetration depth and the photodiode responsivity significantly decrease, making the device inefficient. Smaller pixels may be enabled (1) by increasing the diode responsivity using vertical p-n junctions and (2) by directing the electric field vertically using 3-D electrodes. Here, we demonstrate such novel photodiodes and test the retinal stimulation in a vertical electric field. ApproachArrays of silicon photodiodes of 55, 40, 30, and 20 m in width, with vertical p-n junctions, were fabricated. The electric field in the retina was directed vertically by a common return electrode at the edge of the devices. Optical and electronic performance of the diodes was characterized in-vitro, and retinal stimulation threshold measured by recording the visually evoked potentials (VEPs) in rats with retinal degeneration. Main resultsThe photodiodes exhibited sufficiently low dark current (<10 pA) and responsivity at 880 nm wavelength as high as 0.51 A/W, with 85% internal quantum efficiency, independent of pixel size. Field mapping in saline demonstrated uniformity of the pixel performance in the array. The full-field stimulation threshold was as low as 0.057{+/-}0.029 mW/mm2 with 10 ms pulses, independent of pixel size. SignificancePhotodiodes with vertical p-n junctions demonstrated excellent charge collection efficiency independent of pixel size, down to 20 m. Vertically-oriented electric field provides a stimulation threshold that is independent of pixel size. These results are the first steps in validation of the feasibility of scaling down the photovoltaic pixels for subretinal stimulation.

bioengineering↗