Biology subjects

Wainwright, J. B.

Publications and source records attributed to Wainwright, J. B..

3 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2025

Extraordinary adaptations: Functional and evolutionary synergy of trait components can explain the existence of leaf masquerade

One of the most enduring mysteries in biology concerns the evolution of complex adaptations made up of interacting component traits. When these component traits lack an obvious adaptive function in isolation from one another, their origin requires either non-adaptive, intermediate evolutionary steps or their simultaneous, synergistic evolution. We tested these alternatives using the powerful but accessible example of leaf masquerade in katydids, where in some species, highly modified wings strikingly mimic vegetation to avoid predator recognition. Combining a field predation experiment with a phylogenetic comparative analysis of wing morphology in 51 Neotropical katydid species, we show that colour and shape synergistically interact to enhance survival in the wild, and modifications in both traits evolved concurrently during diversification of this clade. Our findings identify the functionality of masquerade camouflage in the wild and highlight how synergy between individual traits fosters evolution of extraordinarily specialised adaptations.

evolutionary biology↗

bioRxiv2024

Mutualisms within light microhabitats drive sensory convergence in a mimetic butterfly community

Niche partitioning within variable habitats can expose species to distinct sensory information. Vision is the primary sensory modality used by many animals to interact with their habitat. However, within diurnal terrestrial ecosystems, little is known if, and how, variation in light environments impact species assemblages and visual system evolution. By studying a diverse, sympatric community of mimetic butterflies, we demonstrate that forest architecture creates a mosaic of light microhabitats that drive adaptive sensory convergence and divergence in both peripheral and central sensory systems. Our study provides insights into the dynamic response of visual systems when confronted with similar ecological challenges, and illustrates the wide-reaching consequences of interspecific mutualisms, such as mimicry, on organismal evolution.

evolutionary biology↗

bioRxiv2023

Multiple axes of visual system diversity in Ithomiini, an ecologically diverse tribe of mimetic butterflies

The striking structural variation seen in arthropod visual systems can be explained by the overall quantity and spatio-temporal structure of light within habitats coupled with developmental and physiological constraints. However, little is currently known about how fine-scale variation in visual structures arise across shorter evolutionary and ecological scales. In this study, we characterise patterns of interspecific (between species), intraspecific (between sexes) and intraindividual (between eye regions) variation in the visual system of four ithomiine butterfly species. These species are part of a diverse 26-Myr-old Neotropical radiation where changes in mimetic colouration are associated with fine-scale shifts in ecology, such as microhabitat preference. By using a combination of selection analyses on visual opsin sequences, in-vivo ophthalmoscopy, micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), immunohistochemistry, confocal microscopy, and neural tracing, we quantify and describe physiological, anatomical, and molecular traits involved in visual processing. Using these data, we provide evidence of substantial variation within the visual systems of Ithomiini, including: i) relaxed selection on visual opsins, perhaps mediated by habitat preference, ii) interspecific shifts in visual system physiology and anatomy, and iii) extensive sexual dimorphism, including the complete absence of a butterfly-specific optic neuropil in the males of some species. We conclude that considerable visual system variation can exist within diverse insect radiations, hinting at the evolutionary lability of these systems to rapidly develop specialisations to distinct visual ecologies, with selection acting at both the perceptual, processing, and molecular level. Summary statementPhysiological, anatomical, and molecular evidence of extensive visual system variation within a diverse butterfly radiation, hinting at the lability of visual systems to evolve specialisations to distinct visual environments.

evolutionary biology↗