Increased receptor affinity and reduced recognition by specific antibodies contribute to immune escape of SARS-CoV-2 variant Omicron
In this report, we mechanistically reveal how the Variant of Concern (VOC) SARS-CoV-2 Omicron (B.1.1.529) escapes neutralizing antibody responses, by characterization of this variant, and wildtype Wuhan and Delta variant (B.1.617.2). Convalescent sera as well as sera obtained from participants who received two or three doses of mRNA vaccines (Moderna-mRNA-1273(R) or Pfizer-BNT162b2(R)) were used for comparison in this study. Our data demonstrate that both the Delta as well as Omicron variants exhibit higher affinity for the receptor ACE2, facilitating infection and causing antibody escape by receptor affinity (affinity escape), due to reduced ability of antibodies to compete with RBD-receptor interaction and virus neutralization. In contrast, only Omicron but not Delta variant escaped antibody recognition, most likely because only Omicron exhibit the mutation at position E484 associated with reduced recognition, resulting in further reduced neutralization (specificity escape). Nevertheless, the immunizations with RNA based vaccines resulted in marked viral neutralization in vitro for all strains, compatible with the fact that Omicron is still largely susceptible to vaccination-induced antibodies, despite affinity- and specificity escape.