Biology subjects

Vento-Tormo, R.

Publications and source records attributed to Vento-Tormo, R..

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2026

Multi-scale modeling of human tissues from spatial transcriptomics with TERRA

Spatial transcriptomics maps gene expression at cellular resolution, revealing how cells organize into multicellular niches. Yet computational analyses remain dataset-specific, without a transferable representation of tissue organization that generalizes across datasets, tasks and tissues or predicts how tissues behave under perturbation. We present TERRA, a foundation model pretrained on 112 million human cells profiled by spatial transcriptomics. From a single pretrained backbone, TERRA yields embeddings at the scale of cells, the genes they express and the neighborhoods in which they reside, and supports spatial in silico perturbation, all applied zero-shot to unseen tissues. At the cell level, in newly generated spatial data for developing pancreas, TERRA identified an islet-associated capillary state which we posit represents a developmental precursor of the mature islet microvasculature. At the gene level, in untreated kidney sections, in silico knockout of immune-checkpoint targets predicted a gene program of immune-checkpoint-blockade-associated nephrotoxicity, which we validated in treatment-exposed tissue and recovered in blood. At the neighborhood level, TERRA mapped macrophages across tissues to identify recurring cross-organ niches, which we term archetypes, including a tumor-boundary niche associated with poor prognosis in kidney cancer. Together, TERRA captures the spatial and multicellular logic of human tissue and predicts, in silico, its response to perturbation, providing a multi-scale framework for tissue biology, therapeutic development and clinical application.

genomics↗

bioRxiv2026

T cell receptor-ligand affinity quantitatively tunes transcriptome remodelling in vivo, inversely regulating cell division and interferon response

The strength of T cell receptor (TCR) engagement by antigenic ligands governs naive T cell activation, expansion and differentiation. However, the molecular changes underpinning this process in vivo remain incompletely understood. To address this, we coupled an influenza infection model of varied TCR-ligand affinity with high-dimensional protein and RNA measurements. As previously reported, high affinity stimulation drove greater expansion, with disproportionately abundant effector subsets. Experiments using a KLRG1-fate reporter showed that differentiation state biases affected cells from both direct and indirect memory differentiation trajectories. Early post-infection, these biases manifested in differential metabolic and proliferative activities. Examination of T cells showing signs of initial priming in vivo revealed that TCR-ligand affinity primarily changed the magnitude of TCR-induced transcriptome remodelling, not the genes involved. This quantitative tuning drove affinity-dependent amplification of ribosome biogenesis and suppression of interferon response genes before mitogenic diversion, and was associated with elevated TCR-induced transcription factor activity. Together, these data demonstrate the in vivo underpinnings of affinity-dependent responses and reveal how accumulation of TCR-induced signalling outputs translates binding properties into appropriate differentiation outcomes.

immunology↗

bioRxiv2026

Full-thickness spatial transcriptomics of the human uterus reveals basalis niche architecture and regeneration gradients during menstrual breakdown

The human endometrium (uterine lining) undergoes cyclical breakdown and scarless regeneration during each menstrual cycle, representing an exceptional model of adult tissue renewal. Regeneration is driven primarily by progenitor cells retained within the deep, basalis compartment during menstruation, yet the full-depth spatiotemporal dynamics of this process have remained understudied due to anatomical and technical limitations. Here, we map spatial gene-expression gradients across the full thickness of the human endometrium, from the myometrial-endometrial boundary to the luminal surface, using high-resolution spatial transcriptomics integrated with single-cell transcriptomics. We profile more than ten million cells from biopsies, hysterectomy samples and menstrual fluid, enriching for the menstrual and proliferative phases, which are underrepresented in previous studies. We show that endometrial breakdown, regeneration and rapid luminal re-epithelialisation are concurrent rather than temporally separated, organised across distinct tissue compartments, revealing a mode of tissue renewal in which shedding and repair operate simultaneously. Continuous basalis-to-luminal transcriptional gradients link progenitor identity, niche signalling, and tissue remodelling, defining a coordinated regenerative axis spanning the full tissue depth. We resolve the basalis epithelial niche at unprecedented molecular resolution, identifying for the first time a discrete, predominantly quiescent progenitor-like epithelial subset and specialised supporting SFRP5+ fibroblasts, both characterised by WNT inhibition, alongside lymphoid aggregates, forming a multi-component architecture that persists after menopause, consistent with a long-lived regenerative reservoir. Together, these findings establish spatial transcriptional gradients as a central organising principle of endometrial renewal, providing a molecular framework for understanding disorders of menstruation, implantation failure, and impaired tissue repair.

cell biology↗

bioRxiv2026

Spatial atlas of the ovary identifies molecular events in primordial follicle activation in humans

The human ovarian reserve is established prenatally, when granulosa cells encapsulate germ cells to form a pool of quiescent primordial follicles, that ultimately determines the female reproductive and endocrine lifespan. From birth to menopause, subsets of these quiescent follicles, located in the thin outer ovarian cortex, are activated and undergo a growth programme with progressive inward migration to the inner cortex, before either undergoing atresia or, during reproductive age, ovulation. Disruption of this process may lead to infertility, metabolic disorders and early menopause, yet early follicle development remains largely poorly understood. Here, we generate the most comprehensive single-cell and spatial multiomics atlas of the human pre- and postnatal ovarian cortex, integrating transcriptomic and chromatin profiles from over four million cells obtained from fetal and newly profiled pediatric and adult donors. We resolve the early granulosa cell trajectory at unprecedented resolution and identify a retinoic acid-associated regulatory switch accompanying follicle activation. We further show that stromal fibroblasts are not homogeneous, but instead form a dynamic scaffold establishing previously unrecognised morphogen and paracrine gradients that organise the cortex into functional niches supporting quiescent, growing, and atretic follicles. Finally, we identify ovarian lipid associated macrophages (oLAMs) that localise around follicles and are likely to support tissue remodelling during folliculogenesis. Together, this atlas provides a foundational blueprint for human ovarian development and homeostasis, and provides a framework for improving strategies in fertility preservation and in vitro follicle maturation.

cell biology↗

bioRxiv2026

Human 3D epithelioids enable continuous long-term clonal evolution studies across multiple epithelial tissues

Modeling human epithelia in vitro remains challenging because current systems do not fully preserve the combination of architecture, heterogeneity, clonal composition, and long-term dynamics shown in vivo. While 3D approaches such as organoids and organotypic cultures capture important aspects of lineage differentiation and niche signaling, they often lose stable organization over time, limiting studies of long-lasting processes such as clonal evolution and cell competition. Here, we present human epithelioids as continuous long-term, 3D epithelial cultures efficiently derived from eight adult human epithelia, including trachea, skin, buccal mucosa, esophagus, blader, urethra, submandibular gland and endometrium. Using immunostaining, electron microscopy, single-cell RNA sequencing, functional assays and somatic mutation analyses, we deeply characterized human epithelioids and confirmed that they recapitulate native architecture and cell diversity, sustain regenerative capacity, and preserve donor-specific mutational landscapes, establishing a robust and versatile platform for longitudinal interrogation of clonal evolution, tissue dynamics and responses to clinically relevant perturbations, including radiotherapy and chemotherapy, over extended timescales.

cancer biology↗

bioRxiv2026

A transient epithelial plasticity state defines the developmental window for uterine gland specification

Uterine gland development and function is essential for reproduction and womens health, yet the epithelial cell states and signaling interactions that govern gland fate specification are not well understood. Here, integration of single cell and spatial transcriptomics with organoid culture, lineage tracing, and genetic and hormonal perturbation models were used to define mechanisms regulating postnatal uterine epithelial differentiation. A developmentally restricted epithelial plasticity state was identified that precedes luminal and glandular cell lineage segregation and is accompanied by dynamic reorganization of stromal-epithelial communication during uterine differentiation. Pseudotime analysis revealed progressive acquisition of gland-associated programs, including forkhead box A2 (Foxa2), retinoic acid metabolic genes, and epithelial estrogen receptor alpha (Esr1) expression. Functional studies revealed that ESR1 acquisition and retinoic acid signaling suppress the multilayered organoid phenotype associated with epithelial plasticity, thereby promoting epithelial specification and lineage commitment. Moreover, neonatal hormonal perturbation of adenogenesis and conditional deletion of Foxa2 abolished this organoid phenotype. Together, these findings demonstrate that ESR1 acquisition, retinoic acid signaling and FOXA2-dependent glandular differentiation each restrict a transient epithelial plasticity state, coupling the loss of developmental plasticity to the emergence of the glandular lineage.

developmental biology↗

bioRxiv2026

Self-supervised learning for a gene program-centric view of cell states

Single-cell omics has extended the biological interrogation of cell state from examining the expression of individual genes to unbiased profiling of tens of thousands of genes at once. However, extracting biological insights from such high-dimensional data remains challenging. To enable downstream analyses, many computational approaches compress cell state into a single latent representation. This can obscure the structure of underlying gene programs (GP), defined as coordinated sets of biologically related genes, such as signalling pathway response modules or transcription factor targets. Here, we present Tripso, a self-supervised transformer deep learning model which learns multiple GP-specific embeddings from predefined GPs, while also enabling the discovery of novel, data-driven GPs. Tripso facilitates principled comparisons across development, disease, and experimental systems. Firstly, in a dataset of human hematopoietic cells spanning prenatal development through adulthood and aging and including newly generated data, Tripso resolved age-specific GP patterns, including elevated JAK-STAT activity in pediatric hematopoietic cells and postnatal shifts in IKZF1 GP activity during B cell differentiation. Secondly, leveraging Tripso GP embeddings and comparing in vivo to in vitro data, we hypothesized and experimentally validated that inhibition of the SEC61 translocon improved maintenance of hematopoietic stem cells in culture. Finally, Tripsos capacity for data-driven GP discovery revealed a previously uncharacterized tissue-resident memory T cell GP with increased activity in atopic dermatitis. Its spatial co-localization with sebaceous gland-associated immune niches was demonstrated in spatial transcriptomic and proteomic data. Thus, by moving beyond single embeddings of cellular states, Tripso enables interpretable and actionable discoveries, demonstrating how GP-centric modelling can generate hypotheses with substantial biomedical relevance. By anchoring cellular representations in meaningful GPs, Tripso establishes a principled and biologically grounded framework towards the development of interpretable virtual cell models.

bioinformatics↗

bioRxiv2025

Decoding human B cell ontogeny in prenatal and adult bone marrow and in vitro models via single-cell multiomics

In humans, the bone marrow becomes the primary site for B lymphopoiesis during the second trimester of pregnancy and continues throughout life. Prenatal and adult B cell progenitors play distinct roles in the aetiology and pathology of paediatric and adult hematopoietic malignancies, though the molecular drivers of these differences remain unclear. Here, we created a comprehensive multiomics atlas of over 500k cells covering immune and stromal compartment from prenatal and adult bone marrow, enabling high-resolution analysis of the cell-intrinsic and cell-extrinsic processes that modulate prenatal and adult B lymphopoiesis. Even though B cells follow broadly similar developmental trajectories, we identify a novel postnatal lateCLP subset equivalent to prenatal preProB cells, and uncover prenatal cells carry several signatures characteristic of leukemias, including enhanced proliferation, higher RAG1/RAG2 activity, extrinsic B cell signals such as IL7, and lower retention signals in the bone marrow. We also developed and characterised, at both cellular and molecular levels, a new experimental framework for generating B cell precursors from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), and show that it faithfully recapitulates key stages of B cell differentiation. Together, our single-cell multiomics atlas of B lymphopoiesis in vivo and in vitro offers detailed insights into the unique molecular features of prenatal and adult B cell lymphopoiesis, and serves as a powerful resource for investigating the early events that contribute to haematological disorders.

immunology↗

bioRxiv2025

A blastocyst-derived in vitro model of the human chorion

The placenta supports the foetus by mediating nutrient and gas exchange, hormone production, and immune protection. Yet, human placental biology remains poorly understood due to limited in vitro models. The foetal part of the placenta, the chorion, consists of a trophoblast-derived layer and a mesenchymal zone containing extraembryonic mesoderm cells. Here, we show that human blastocysts can give rise to both trophoblast organoids and extraembryonic mesoderm cells under the same culture conditions. Trophoblast organoids originate from both outer trophoblast cells and inner cells of the blastocyst, while extraembryonic mesoderm cells derive exclusively from inner cells. These organoids recapitulate the cellular composition, morphology, and function of the in vivo trophoblast. Moreover, given the high rate of aneuploidy at the blastocyst stage, aneuploid trophoblast organoids can be readily generated. These models reflect the trophoblasts unique ability to tolerate aneuploidy and offer a valuable platform to study human placental development and pathophysiology.

developmental biology↗

bioRxiv2025

Atlas-scale metabolic activities inferred from single-cell and spatial transcriptomics

Metabolism supplies energy, building blocks, and signaling molecules vital for cell function and communication, but methods to directly measure it at single-cell and/or spatial resolutions remain technically challenging and inaccessible for most researchers. Single-cell and spatial transcriptomics offer high-throughput data alternatives with a rich ecosystem of computational tools. Here, we present scCellFie, a computational framework to infer metabolic activities from human and mouse transcriptomic data at single-cell and spatial resolution. Applied to [~]30 million cell profiles, we generated a comprehensive metabolic atlas across human organs, identifying organ- and cell-type-specific activities. In the endometrium, scCellFie reveals metabolic programs contributing to healthy tissue remodeling during the menstrual cycle, with temporal patterns replicated in data from in vitro cultures. We also uncover disease-associated metabolic alterations in endometriosis and endometrial carcinoma, linked to proinflammatory macrophages, and metabolite-mediated epithelial cell communication, respectively. Ultimately, scCellFie provides a scalable toolbox for extracting interpretable metabolic functionalities from transcriptomic data.

bioinformatics↗

bioRxiv2024

inVAE: Conditionally invariant representation learning for generating multivariate single-cell reference maps

Single-cell data is driving new insights into the spatiotemporal dynamics of cells and individual disease susceptibility. However, accurately identifying cell states across diverse cohorts remains challenging, as both biological variation and technical biases cause distributional shifts in the data. Separating these effects is crucial for capturing cellular heterogeneity and ensuring interpretability. To address this, we developed inVAE, a conditionally invariant deep generative model based on variational autoencoders. inVAE models the latent space as a combination of invariant variables, encoding true biological signals, and spurious variables, capturing technical biases. By conditioning the prior distribution of cells on biological covariates, such as disease variants, inVAE identifies high-resolution cell states in the invariant representation. Enforcing independence between the two representations disentangles biological signals from noise, enabling a more interpretable and generalizable model with a causal semantic. inVAE outperformed existing methods across four human cellular atlases of the human heart and lung, while uncovering novel cell states. It precisely stratified cell atlas donors based on the genetic impact of pathogenic variants, and excelled in predicting cell types and disease in unseen data, proving its generalizability as a reference model for label transfer. Furthermore, inVAE accurately identified temporal cell states and trajectories from developmental datasets, and captured spatial cell states in a spatially-resolved atlas. In summary, inVAE provides a powerful method for integrating multivariate single-cell transcriptomics data. By leveraging prior knowledge such as metadata, it effectively accounts for biological variation and improves latent space interpretability by disentangling biological and technical sources of variation. These capabilities enable deeper insights into cellular heterogeneity and its role in disease progression.

bioinformatics↗

bioRxiv2024

A developmental cell atlas of the human thyroid gland

The primary function of the thyroid gland is the synthesis and release of thyroid hormones, which are essential for health from embryogenesis to adulthood. Thyroid disorders occur frequently and include congenital hypothyroidism, which occurs due to aberrant thyroid development (thyroid dysgenesis) or impaired hormone synthesis and is particularly prevalent in trisomy 21 (T21). In contrast, thyroid carcinoma, an acquired disorder, is the most common endocrine malignancy in both paediatric and adult populations. Understanding the molecular basis of thyroid dysgenesis and paediatric thyroid carcinoma remains challenging, and requires an improved understanding of foetal thyroid development. To address this, we generated a comprehensive spatiotemporal atlas of the human thyroid during the first and second trimesters of pregnancy. Profiling over 200,000 cells with single-cell sequencing revealed key cell types involved in thyroid gland development, including the hormone-producing thyrocytes. We discovered that foetal thyroid follicular cells are heterogeneous epithelial populations consisting of two main functional subtypes (fTFC1, fTFC2), with fTFC2 expressing increased levels of PAX8, and spatial transcriptomics revealed subtype co-occurrence within individual follicles. While both fTFC1 and fTFC2 persist in adult thyroid, fTFC2 is a minor population amongst additional PAX8-positive follicular cell subsets. We observed thyroid dysgenesis in T21 age-matched specimens, and T21 thyrocytes showed transcriptional signatures of cytoskeletal disorganisation and altered interactions with the extracellular matrix, as well as compensatory activation of metabolic stress gene programs and upregulation of thyroid biosynthetic genes. In line with the altered proportions of fTFC2 in healthy foetal and adult thyroid, papillary thyroid cancer in children is transcriptionally enriched for the fTFC2 signature compared to that in adults. All together, these findings reveal thyrocyte heterogeneity across the lifespan and provide insights into thyroid development in health and disease, informing potential therapeutic interventions.

genomics↗

bioRxiv2023

An integrated single-cell reference atlas of the human endometrium

The human endometrium, the inner lining of the uterus, exhibits complex, dynamic changes throughout the menstrual cycle in response to ovarian hormones. Aberrant response of endometrial cells to hormones is associated with multiple disorders, including endometriosis. Previous single-cell studies of the endometrium profiled a limited number of donors and lacked consensus in defining cell types and states. Here, we introduce the Human Endometrial Cell Atlas (HECA), a high-resolution single-cell reference atlas, combining published and newly generated single-cell transcriptomics datasets of endometrial biopsies of women with and without endometriosis. The HECA assigned consensus cell types and states, and uncovered novel ones, which we mapped in situ using spatial transcriptomics. We quantified how coordinated interactions between cell states in space and time contribute to endometrial regeneration and differentiation. In the continuously changing functionalis layer, we identified an intricate coordination of TGF{beta} signalling between stromal and epithelial cells, likely crucial for cell differentiation. In the basalis layer, we defined signalling between fibroblasts and a new epithelial cell population expressing epithelial stem/progenitor markers, suggesting their role in endometrial regeneration. Additionally, integrating the HECA single-cell data with genome-wide association study data and comparing endometrial samples from women with and without endometriosis, we pinpointed subsets of decidualised stromal cells and macrophages as the most dysregulated cell states in endometriosis. Overall, the HECA is an invaluable resource for studying endometrial physiology, investigating endometrial disorders, and guiding the creation of endometrial microphysiological in vitro systems.

genomics↗

bioRxiv2023

A human prenatal skin cell atlas reveals immune cell regulation of skin morphogenesis

Human prenatal skin is populated by innate immune cells including macrophages, and whether they act solely in immunity or have additional functions in morphogenesis is unclear. We assembled the first comprehensive multi-omic reference atlas of prenatal human skin (7-16 post-conception weeks), combining single cell and spatial transcriptomic data, to characterise the skins microenvironmental cellular organisation. This revealed that crosstalk between non-immune and immune cells underpins formation of hair follicles, has implications for scarless wound healing, and is critical for skin angiogenesis. We benchmarked a skin organoid model, derived from human embryonic stem (ES) and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, against prenatal and adult skin, demonstrating close recapitulation of the epidermal and dermal skin components during hair follicle development. Notably, the skin organoid lacked immune cells and had markedly diminished endothelial cell heterogeneity and quantity. From our in vivo skin cell atlas data, we found that macrophages and macrophage-derived growth factors play a key role in driving endothelial development prenatally. Indeed, vascular network formation was enhanced following transfer of autologous iPS-derived macrophages into both endothelial cell angiogenesis assays and skin organoid cultures. In summary, innate immune cells moonlight as key players in skin morphogenesis beyond their conventional immune roles, a function they achieve via extensive crosstalk with non-immune cells. Finally, we leveraged our human prenatal skin cell atlas to further our understanding of the pathogenesis of genetic hair and skin disorders.

developmental biology↗

bioRxiv2023

Time- and lineage-resolved transcriptional profiling uncovers gene expression programs and clonal relationships that underlie human T lineage specification

T cells develop from multi-potent hematopoietic progenitors in the thymus and provide adaptive protection against pathogens and cancer. However, the emergence of human T cell-competent blood progenitors, and their subsequent specification to the T lineage, has been challenging to capture in real time. Here, we leveraged a pluripotent stem cell differentiation system to understand the transcriptional dynamics and cell fate restriction events that underlie this critical developmental process. Time-resolved single cell RNA sequencing revealed that cell-cycle exit, downregulation of the multipotent hematopoietic program, and upregulation of >90 lineage-associated transcription factors all occur within a highly co-ordinated and narrow developmental window. Computational gene-regulatory network inference elucidated the transcriptional logic of T lineage specification, uncovering an important role for YBX1. We mapped the differentiation cell fate hierarchy using transcribed lineage barcoding and mathematical trajectory inference and discovered that mast and myeloid potential bifurcate from each other early in haematopoiesis, upstream of T lineage restriction. Collectively, our analyses provide a quantitative, time-resolved model of human T cell specification with relevance for regenerative medicine and developmental immunology.

immunology↗

bioRxiv2023

Successful placentation in human pregnancy is regulated by reciprocal interactions between maternal uterine NK cells and fetal placental trophoblast

Fetal growth and development during human pregnancy depends on delivery of adequate maternal oxygen and nutrients to the fetus via the placenta. In humans, the balanced invasion of fetal placental trophoblast cells into the maternal uterine lining, where they interact with uterine natural killer cells (uNK), is thought to be critical for a successful pregnancy but exactly how this influences reproductive outcomes remains undefined. Here, we used our trophoblast organoid model and primary tissue samples to determine how uNK affect placentation. By locating potential interaction axes between primary trophoblast cells and uNK using single cell transcriptomics, and in vitro modelling of these interactions in trophoblast organoids, we identify a uNK-derived cytokine signal that promotes trophoblast differentiation by enhancing epithelial-mesenchymal transition and increasing trophoblast cells at the late stage of the invasive pathway. Moreover, it affects transcriptional programs involved in increasing blood flow, placental access to nutrients, and dampening inflammatory and adaptive immune responses, as well as gene signatures associated with disorders of pregnancy such as pre-eclampsia. Our findings shed new light on how optimal immunological interactions between maternal uNK cells and fetal trophoblast enhance reproductive success.

developmental biology↗

bioRxiv2023

Early infection response of the first trimester human placenta at single-cell scale

Placental infections are a major worldwide burden, particularly in developing countries. The placenta is a transient tissue located at the interface between the mother and the fetus. Some pathogens can access the placental barrier resulting in pathological transmission from mother to fetus, which may have a profound impact on the health of the developing fetus. Limited tissue accessibility, critical differences between humans and mice, and, until recently, lack of proper in vitro models, have hampered our understanding of the early placental response to pathogens. Here we use single-cell transcriptomics to describe the placental primary defence mechanisms against three pathogens that are known to cause fetal and maternal complications during pregnancy - Plasmodium falciparum, Listeria monocytogenes and Toxoplasma gondii. We optimise ex vivo placental explants of the first-trimester human placenta and show that trophoblasts (the epithelial-like cells of the placenta), and Hofbauer cells (placental macrophages) orchestrate a coordinated inflammatory response after 24 hours of infection. We show that hormone biosynthesis and transport are downregulated in the trophoblasts, suggesting that protective responses are promoted at the expense of decreasing other critical functions of the placenta, such as the endocrine production and the nourishment of the fetus. In addition, we pinpoint pathogen-specific effects in some placental lineages, including a strong mitochondrial alteration in the Hofbauer cells in response to T. gondii. Finally, we identify adaptive strategies and validate nutrient acquisition employed by the P. falciparum during placental malaria infection. This study provides the first detailed cellular map of the first-trimester placenta upon infection and describes the early events that may lead to fetal and placental disorders if left unchecked.

genomics↗

bioRxiv2022

Single cell antigen receptor analysis reveals lymphocyte developmental origins

Assessment of single-cell gene expression (scRNA-seq) and adaptive immune receptor sequencing (scVDJ-seq) has been invaluable in studying lymphocyte biology. Here, we introduce Dandelion, a computational pipeline for scVDJ-seq analysis. It enables the application of standard V(D)J analysis workflows to single-cell datasets, delivering improved V(D)J contig annotation and the identification of non-productive and partially spliced contigs. We devised a novel strategy to create an adaptive immune receptor feature space that can be used for both differential V(D)J usage analysis and pseudotime trajectory inference. The application of Dandelion improved the alignment of human thymic development trajectories of double positive T cells to mature single-positive CD4/CD8 T cells, with important new predictions of factors regulating lineage commitment. Dandelion analysis of other cell compartments provided novel insights into the origins of human B1 cells and ILC/NK cell development, illustrating the power of our approach. Dandelion is an open access resource (https://www.github.com/zktuong/dandelion) that will enable future discoveries.

immunology↗