Biology subjects

Vale, G. A.

Publications and source records attributed to Vale, G. A..

3 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2023

Modelled impact of Tiny Targets on the distribution and abundance of riverine tsetse

BackgroundThe insecticide-treated baits known as Tiny Targets are one of the cheapest means of controlling riverine species of tsetse flies, the vectors of the trypanosomes that cause sleeping sickness in humans. Models of the efficacy of these targets deployed near rivers are potentially useful in planning control campaigns and highlighting the principals involved. Methods and principal findingsWe produced a simple non-seasonal model of the births, deaths, mobility and aging of tsetse, and we programmed it to simulate the impact of seven years of target use against the tsetse, Glossina fuscipes fuscipes, in the riverine habitats of NW Uganda. The models outputs matched reality in showing that: (i) good control can be achieved despite the degradation of targets, (ii) local elimination of tsetse is impossible if invasion sources are not tackled, and (iii) with invasion and target degradation it is difficult to detect any effect of control on the age structure of the tsetse population. ConclusionsDespite its simplifications, the model can assist planning and teaching, but allowance should be made for any complications due to seasonality and management challenges associated with greater scale. Author summaryWe produced a simple model of the population dynamics of the riverine tsetse fly, Glossina fuscipes fuscipes, to simulate the field results of controlling this insect for seven years using Tiny Targets, i.e., artificial insecticide-treated baits, in NW Uganda. The model is potentially useful in planning tsetse control and illustrating the principles involved. Thus, it confirmed that targets can give good control, even if the targets degrade so much that they need replacement after six months. It showed that reinvasion can limit severely the efficacy of control campaigns and mask the changes in the age structure of the population. We stress the need to consider the possibility of seasonal complications and problems of managing large scale operations.

ecology↗

bioRxiv2022

Identification of the area sampled by traps: a modelling study with tsetse

BackgroundSampling with traps provides the most common means of investigating the abundance, composition and condition of tsetse populations. It is thus important to know the size of the area from which the samples originate, but that topic is poorly understood. Methods and principal findingsThe topic was clarified with the aid of a simple deterministic model of the mobility, births and deaths of tsetse. The model assessed how the sampled area changed according to variations in the numbers, arrangement and catching efficiency of traps deployed for different periods in a large block of homogeneous habitat subject to different levels of fly mortality. The greatest impacts on the size of the sampled area are produced by the flies mean daily step length and the duration of trapping. There is little effect of trap type. The daily death rate of adult flies is unimportant unless tsetse control measures increase the mortality several times above the low natural rates. Formulae are suggested for predicting the probability that any given captured fly will have originated from various areas around the trap. ConclusionsFormulae for predicting the probability that any given captured fly originated from various areas around the trap are produced. Using a mean daily step length (d) of 395m, typical of a savannah species of tsetse, then any fly caught by a single trap in a 5-day trapping period could be regarded, with roughly 95% confidence, as originating from within a distance of 1.3km of the trap, that is from an area of 5.5km2. Authors SummaryWe produced a simple, deterministic model to highlight important principles in the neglected matter of the probability that any trapped tsetse will have originated from various sizes of area around the trapping site. The modelling was kept simple by envisaging the use of just one trap, or a group of only five traps, evenly spaced inside a circular area within a large block of homogeneous habitat and operated for no more than 30 days. In deriving formulae for the sampled area, we found it appropriate to consider only the flies mean daily step length, and the number of days duration of trapping. The type of trap employed was unimportant. The daily mortality of the adult tsetse population had little effect unless the death rates imposed by control measures were several times greater than the natural rates.

ecology↗

bioRxiv2020

Apparent negative density-dependent dispersal in tsetse (Glossina spp) is an artefact of inappropriate analysis

Analysis of genetic material from field-collected tsetse (Glossina spp) in ten study areas has been used to predict that the distance ({delta}) dispersed per generation increases as effective population densities (De) decrease, displaying negative density dependent dispersal (NDDD). This result is an artefact arising primarily from errors in estimates of S, the area occupied by a subpopulation, and thereby in De, the effective subpopulation density. The fundamental, dangerously misleading, error lies in the assumption that S can be estimated as the area ([S]) regarded as being covered by traps. Errors in the estimates of{delta} are magnified because variation in estimates of S is greater than for all other variables measured, and accounts for the greatest proportion of variation in{delta} . The errors result in anomalously high correlations between{delta} and S, and the appearance of NDDD, with a slope of -0.5 for the regressions of log({delta}) on log(e), even in simulations where dispersal has been set as density independent. A complementary mathematical analysis confirms these findings. Improved error estimates for the crucial parameter b, the rate of increase in genetic distance with increasing geographic separation, suggest that three of the study areas should have been excluded because b is not significantly greater than zero. Errors in census population estimates result from a fundamental misunderstanding of the relationship between trap placement and expected tsetse catch. These errors are exacerbated through failure to adjust for variations in trapping intensity, trap performance, and in capture probabilities between geographical situations and between tsetse species. Claims of support in the literature for NDDD are spurious. There is no suggested explanation for how NDDD might have evolved. We reject the NDDD hypothesis and caution that the idea should not be allowed to influence policy on tsetse and trypanosomiasis control. Author summaryGenetic analysis of field-sampled tsetse (Glossina spp) has been used to suggest that, as tsetse population densities decrease, rates of dispersal increase - displaying negative density dependent dispersal (NDDD). It is further suggested that NDDD might apply to all tsetse species and that, consequently, tsetse control operations might unleash enhanced invasion of areas cleared of tsetse, prejudicing the long-term success of control campaigns. We demonstrate that NDDD in tsetse is an artefact consequent on multiple errors of analysis and interpretation. The most serious of these errors stems from a fundamental misunderstanding of the way in which traps sample tsetse, resulting in huge errors in estimates of the areas sampled by the traps, and occupied by the subpopulations being sampled. Errors in census population estimates are made worse through failure to adjust for variations in trapping intensity, trap performance, and in capture probabilities between geographical situations, and between tsetse species. The errors result in the appearance of NDDD, even in modelling situations where rates of dispersal are expressly assumed independent of population density. We reject the NDDD hypothesis and caution that the idea should not be allowed to influence policy on tsetse and trypanosomiasis control.

zoology↗