Non-invasive Vagal Nerve Stimulation as a Potential Treatment for Repetitive Blast Trauma
BackgroundPolytrauma caused by exposure to high explosives (blast) is increasingly common among military personnel and civilians yet treatment for related post-concussive symptoms and chronic behavioral dysfunction is limited. Therapeutic targets following these injuries are typically focused on the central nervous system, with less attention placed on potentially more accessible peripheral targets. Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) has recently gained traction as a potential therapeutic modality but has yet to be examined in a blast trauma setting. MethodsOur well-established blast overpressure model was utilized to induce repetitive (3x) blast trauma, followed by treatment with non-invasive transcutaneous VNS one hour following each blast exposure in male mice. Acutely following repetitive blast exposure, we measured serum and brain cytokine levels, fecal microbial abundance, and locomotion and anxiety-like behavior in the open field assay. Chronically (1-3 months post blast), mice were assessed for behavioral outcomes related to mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), including acoustic startle (hyperreactivity), probabilistic discounting (risky decision making), and two-bottle choice test (voluntary alcohol consumption). ResultsVNS treatment following blast exposure decreased acute blast-induced inflammatory response in the blood and brain, especially serum IL-9 and IP-10, and brain MPC-1. Chronic behavior tests demonstrated a VNS-dependent reduction in blast-induced risky decision-making and a decreased intake and preference for ethanol. Conversely, VNS was not effective in preventing acute blast effects on the microbiome or chronic hyperreactivity behaviors measured with acoustic startle. DiscussionThis study identifies the vagus nerve as a novel peripheral target for treating acute and chronic blast-induced dysfunction.