An investigation of PS-b-PEO polymersomes for the oral treatment and diagnosis of hyperammonemia
Ammonia-scavenging transmembrane pH-gradient poly(styrene)-b-poly(ethylene oxide) polymersomes were investigated for the oral treatment and diagnosis of hyperammonemia, a condition associated with serious neurologic complications in patients with liver disease as well as in infants with urea cycle disorders. While these polymersomes were highly stable in simulated intestinal fluids at extreme bile salt and osmolality conditions, they unexpectedly did not reduce plasmatic ammonia levels in cirrhotic rats after oral dosing. Incubation in dietary fiber hydrogels mimicking the colonic environment suggested that the vesicles were probably destabilized during the dehydration of the intestinal chyme. Our findings question the relevance of commonly used simulated intestinal fluids for studying vesicular stability. With the encapsulation of a pH-sensitive dye in the polymersome core, the local pH increase upon ammonia influx could be exploited to assess the ammonia concentration in the plasma of healthy and cirrhotic rats as well as in other fluids. Due to its high sensitivity and selectivity, this novel polymersome-based assay could prove useful in the monitoring of hyperammonemic patients and in other applications such as drug screening tests.\n\nGraphical abstract\n\nO_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=94 SRC=\"FIGDIR/small/631630v1_ufig1.gif\" ALT=\"Figure 1\">\nView larger version (28K):\norg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@dd9b02org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@ebb129org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1bc15e3org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1411a28_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP M_FIG C_FIG