Behaviour of pyrethroid-resistant Anopheles gambiae at the interface of two dual active-ingredient bed nets, assessed by room-scale infrared video tracking
BackgroundThe success of Insecticide Treated Bednets (ITNs) for malaria vector control in Africa relies on the behaviour of the major malaria vectors, Anopheles species. Research into mosquito behavioural traits influencing the performance of ITNs has focused largely on time or location of biting. Here we investigated less tractable behaviours including timings of net contact, willingness to refeed and longevity post exposure to two next-generation nets, PermaNet(R) 3.0 (P3) and Interceptor(R) G2 (IG2) in comparison with a standard pyrethroid only net (Olyset (OL)) and an untreated net. MethodsSusceptible and resistant Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes were exposed to the nets with a human volunteer host in a room scale assay. Mosquito movements were tracked for two hours using an infrared video system, collecting flight trajectory, spatial position and net contact data. Post-assay, mosquitoes were monitored for a range of sublethal insecticide effects. ResultsOL, P3 and IG2 all killed over 90% of susceptible mosquitoes 24 hours after exposure, but this effect was not seen with resistant mosquitoes where mortality ranged from 16% to 72%. Total mosquito activity was higher around untreated nets than ITNs. There was no difference in total activity, the number, or duration, of net contact, between any mosquito strain, with similar behaviours recorded in susceptible and resistant strains at all ITNs. Net contact was focussed predominantly on the roof for all bednets. We observed a steep decay in activity for both susceptible strains when P3 and OL were present and with IG2 for one of the two susceptible strains. All treated nets reduced the willingness of resistant strains to re-feed when offered blood one-hour post-exposure, with a more pronounced effect seen with P3 and OL than IG2. ConclusionResults indicate that the effects of ITNs on mosquito behaviour are consistent, with no major differences in responses between strains of different pyrethroid susceptibility.