Biology subjects

Tisdale, R.

Publications and source records attributed to Tisdale, R..

3 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2024

TAAR2-9 Knockout Mice Exhibit Reduced Wakefulness and Disrupted REM Sleep

Trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) has gained attention for its roles in modulating neural systems, sleep/wake control, and as a therapeutic target for neuropsychiatric disorders. Although TAARs 2-9 were initially identified as non-canonical olfactory receptors, recent studies have identified extra-nasal receptor distribution of multiple TAARs. To evaluate whether TAARs 2-9 have a role in arousal state regulation, we investigated sleep/wake control in male TAAR2-9 knockout (KO) mice. After determination of baseline sleep/wake patterns, the homeostatic response to sleep deprivation and response to TAAR1 agonists were compared between KO and C57BL/6J mice. Although the EEG of TAAR2-9 KO mice had lower power in the delta and theta bands and higher power in the gamma range, sleep/wake states were readily identified. KO mice had more NREM sleep during the dark phase and more REM sleep during the light phase. Sleep/wake was fragmented in KO mice with shorter Wake and REM bouts during the dark phase and more REM bouts during the light phase. KO mice exhibited more REM sleep during a sleep latency test but the homeostatic response to sleep loss did not differ between the strains. A high dose of the TAAR1 agonist RO5256390 increased Wake and reduced NREM sleep in KO mice whereas RO5256390 and the partial TAAR1 agonist RO5263397 suppressed REM sleep. The number of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons in the ventral tegmental area was significantly elevated in KO mice. These dopaminergic and sleep/wake alterations in TAAR2-9 KO mice highlight the need for further elucidation of the functions of TAAR2-9.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2022

Peripheral vs. Core Body Temperature as Hypocretin/Orexin Neurons Degenerate: Exercise Mitigates Increased Heat Loss

Hypocretins/Orexins (Hcrt/Ox) are hypothalamic neuropeptides implicated in diverse functions, including body temperature regulation through modulation of sympathetic vasoconstrictor tone. In the current study, we measured subcutaneous (Tsc) and core (Tb) body temperature as well as activity in a conditional transgenic mouse strain that allows the inducible ablation of Hcrt/Ox-containing neurons by removal of doxycycline (DOX) from their diet (orexin-DTA mice). Measurements were made during a baseline, when mice were being maintained on food containing DOX, and over 42 days while the mice were fed normal chow which resulted in Hcrt/Ox neuron degeneration. The home cages of the orexin-DTA mice were equipped with running wheels that were either locked or unlocked. In the presence of a locked running wheel, Tsc progressively decreased on days 28 and 42 in the DOX(-) condition, primarily during the dark phase (the major active period for rodents). This nocturnal reduction in Tsc was mitigated when mice had access to unlocked running wheels. In contrast to Tsc, Tb was largely maintained until day 42 in the DOX(-) condition even when the running wheel was locked. Acute changes in both Tsc and Tb were observed preceding, during, and following cataplexy. Our results suggest that ablation of Hcrt/Ox-containing neurons results in elevated heat loss, likely through reduced sympathetic vasoconstrictor tone, and that exercise may have some therapeutic benefit to patients with narcolepsy, a disorder caused by Hcrt/Ox deficiency. Acute changes in body temperature may facilitate prediction of cataplexy onset and lead to interventions to mitigate its occurrence. HighlightsO_LIHypocretin/Orexin (Hcrt/Ox) neuron degeneration results in the sleep disorder Narcolepsy and reduced subcutaneous body temperature (Tsc) during the dark phase of the 24-h light/dark cycle. C_LIO_LIThis reduction in dark phase Tsc is mitigated by access to an exercise opportunity. C_LIO_LIIn contrast to Tsc, core body temperature (Tb) is largely maintained as the Hcrt/Ox neurons degenerate. C_LIO_LIReduced Tsc while Tb is maintained suggests increased heat loss, possibly through modulation of sympathetic vasoconstrictor tone. C_LIO_LIHcrt/Ox neuron loss in Narcolepsy results in cataplexy, whose occurrence is associated with acute changes in both Tsc and Tb. C_LIO_LIExercise may represent an effective intervention for mitigating heat loss resulting from Hcrt/Ox neuron loss in Narcolepsy. C_LI

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2021

The Development of Sleep/Wake Disruption and Cataplexy as Hypocretin/Orexin Neurons Degenerate in Male vs. Female Orexin/tTA; TetO-DTA Mice

Narcolepsy Type 1 (NT1), a sleep disorder with similar prevalence in both sexes, is thought to be due to loss of the hypocretin/orexin (Hcrt) neurons. Several transgenic strains have been created to model this disorder and are increasingly being used for preclinical drug development and basic science studies, yet most studies have solely used male mice. We compared the development of narcoleptic symptomatology in male vs. female orexin-tTA; TetO-DTA mice, a model in which Hcrt neuron degeneration can be initiated by removal of doxycycline (DOX) from the diet. EEG, EMG, body temperature, gross motor activity and video recordings were conducted for 24-h at baseline and 1, 2, 4 and 6 weeks after DOX removal. Female DTA mice exhibited cataplexy, the pathognomonic symptom of NT1, by Week 1 in the DOX(-) condition but cataplexy was not consistently present in males until Week 2. By Week 2, both sexes showed an impaired ability to sustain long wake bouts during the active period, the murine equivalent of excessive daytime sleepiness in NT1. Body temperature appeared to be regulated at lower levels in both sexes as the Hcrt neurons degenerated. During degeneration, both sexes also exhibited the "Delta State", characterized by sudden cessation of activity, high delta activity in the EEG, maintenance of muscle tone and posture, and the absence of phasic EMG activity. Since the phenotypes of the two sexes were indistinguishable by Week 6, we conclude that both sexes can be safely combined in future studies to reduce cost and animal use. Statement of SignificanceAlthough narcolepsy is a disorder that affects both men and women with similar frequency, most basic research and preclinical development studies of sleep have utilized male experimental subjects. The identification of the hypocretin/orexin (Hcrt) neuron loss as the likely cause of human narcolepsy has led to the development of transgenic mouse strains that model this disorder. Here, we compare the emergence of narcoleptic symptoms in male vs. female bigenic orexin-tTA; TetO DTA mice, a state-of-the-art narcolepsy model in which degeneration of the Hcrt neurons can be triggered by dietary manipulation. We find that female mice develop the narcoleptic phenotype more rapidly than males but that both sexes are equally symptomatic by the end of the degeneration period.

neuroscience↗