The impact of common variants on gene expression in the human brain: from RNA to protein to schizophrenia risk
BackgroundThe impact of genetic variants on gene expression has been intensely studied at the transcription level, yielding invaluable insights into the association between genes and the risk of complex disorders, such as schizophrenia (SCZ). However, the downstream impact of these variants and the molecular mechanisms connecting transcription variation to disease risk are not well understood. ResultsWe quantitated ribosome occupancy in prefrontal cortex samples of the BrainGVEX cohort. Together with transcriptomics and proteomics data from the same cohort, we performed cis-Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL) mapping and identified, at 10% false discovery rate, 3,253 expression QTLs (eQTLs), 1,344 ribosome occupancy QTLs (rQTLs), and 657 protein QTLs (pQTLs) out of 7,458 genes from 185 samples. Of the eQTLs identified, only 34% have their effects propagated to the protein level. Further analysis on the effect size of prefrontal cortex eQTLs identified from an independent dataset clearly replicated the post-transcriptional attenuation of eQTL effects. We identified omics-specific QTLs and investigated their potential in driving disease risks. Using both a variant-based approach and a gene-based approach, we identified genes containing expression-specific QTLs (esQTLs), ribosome-occupancy-specific QTLs (rsQTLs), and protein-specific QTLs (psQTLs). Among the variant-based omics-specific QTL, 38 showed strong colocalization with brain associated disorder GWAS signals, 29 of them are esQTLs. From the gene-based approach, we found 11 brain associated disorder risk genes that are driven predominantly by omics-specific QTL, all of them are driven by variants impacting transcriptional regulation. To take a complementary approach to further investigate the functional relevance of genes driven predominantly by attenuated eQTL signals, we identified SCZ risk genes using each omics independently and then investigated the omics-specificity of the driver regulatory process for each risk gene. Using S-PrediXcan we identified 74 SCZ risk genes across the three omics, 30% of which were novel, and 67% of these risk genes were confirmed to be causal in a MR-Egger test. Notably, 52 out of the 74 risk genes were identified using eQTL data and 68% of these SCZ-risk-gene-driving eQTLs show little to no evidence of driving corresponding variations at the protein level. ConclusionThe effect of eQTLs on gene expression in the prefrontal cortex is commonly attenuated post-transcriptionally. Many of the attenuated eQTLs still correlate with GWAS signals of brain associated complex disorders, indicating the possibility that these eQTL variants drive disease risk through mechanisms other than regulating protein expression level. Further investigation is needed to elucidate the mechanistic link between attenuated eQTLs and brain associated complex disorders.