Biology subjects

Taheri, A.

Publications and source records attributed to Taheri, A..

17 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2026

Microtubule Lattice Spacing Governs MAP-Motor Regulation

Microtubules (MTs) serve as intracellular tracks that enable molecular motors to transport cargos to specific cellular destinations. It has been proposed that the signals directing motor-driven transport are encoded on MTs through different isotypes, lattice conformations, and post- translational modifications (PTMs) of tubulin, or MT-associated proteins (MAPs) that decorate the MT surface. However, molecular predictions of these models have not been rigorously tested in vitro. Using isotypically pure recombinant tubulin and biochemical reconstitution, we examined how tubulin PTMs and MT lattice spacing influence MAP binding and kinesin-1 motility. We found that kinesin-1 is largely insensitive to tubulin PTMs but is strongly regulated by MT lattice spacing. Likewise, the MAPs tau, MAP7, MAP4, DCX, and MAP9 exhibit little sensitivity to tubulin PTMs, whereas the MT-binding affinities of tau, DCX, and MAP7 depend on lattice spacing. In the presence of activating (MAP7) and inhibitory (tau) MAPs, lattice spacing determines MAP occupancy and thereby controls kinesin-1 motility. These findings support a two-layer transport code in which MT lattice spacing directs MAP binding, and MAPs determine which motors can move along individual MT tracks.

biochemistry↗

bioRxiv2026

Microtubule Engagement by the WD40-Containing Tail of Kinesin-4 KIF21B

Kinesin tails are structurally diverse and mediate a range of functions, including autoinhibition, cargo binding, and microtubule regulation. Within the kinesin-4 family, KIF21A and KIF21B have emerged as key regulators of microtubule network organization and dynamics in neurons and immune cells, yet the molecular basis of this activity has remained unclear. Here, we combined single-particle cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) and cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) to examine how the KIF21B tail engages microtubules. We find that conserved residues in the WD40 {beta}-propeller and an adjacent N-terminal linker contact successive tubulin dimers along a single protofilament, forming an extended longitudinal binding mode that spans both the intradimer and interdimer interfaces. Cryo-EM 3D classification further revealed two distinct engagement states, a tilted state, in which the {beta}-propeller makes partial contacts with the microtubule while the linker remains anchored, and a flat state, in which the {beta}-propeller lies flush with the lattice surface. Cryo-ET of full-length KIF21B reveals multiple binding configurations on the microtubule lattice, including orientations consistent with crosslinking adjacent microtubules. Together, these findings provide a structural framework for tail-mediated microtubule attachment by a neuronal kinesin-4 and suggest how its distinctive WD40 domain may contribute to microtubule regulation and organization of microtubule arrays.

biochemistry↗

bioRxiv2025

The Structural Basis of alpha/beta-tubulin Assembly and Disassembly by Tubulin Cofactors

Microtubules polymerize from cytoplasmic pools of soluble {beta}-tubulin heterodimers that support diverse cellular functions. The tubulin cofactors, TBCC, TBCD, TBCE, and the Arl2 GTPase, form TBC-DEG assemblies that regulate {beta}-tubulin assembly and disassembly from - and {beta}-tubulins, yet their underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Here, we reconstitute the human TBC-DE and TBC-DEG assemblies from eukaryotic cells co-purified with monomeric {beta}-tubulin intermediates and determine their cryo-EM structures. The structures reveal that TBC-DEG disassembles {beta}-tubulin by releasing -tubulin through a lever-arm-like rotation in TBCE coupled to major conformational change in Arl2 upon its nucleotide release, while TBCD tightly holds {beta}-tubulin. TBCD dissociates -tubulin by refolding the {beta}-tubulin H10-S8 loop at its intradimer interface. The TBC-DEG-{beta}-tubulin or TBC-DE-{beta}-tubulin assemblies undergo extensive back-to-back dimerization mediated by {beta}-{beta}-tubulin homodimers, formed through their dissociated H8 helices at unoccupied intradimer interfaces. Structural comparisons demonstrate that the TBCE mechanical rotation, driven by the Arl2 GTPase cycle, either delivers -tubulin or removes it from beneath the TBCD-bound {beta}-tubulin and is directionally regulated by TBCC stabilizing {beta}-tubulin interfaces. Our findings suggest that TBC-DEG/TBCC catalyzing heterodimerization of -tubulin with {beta}-tubulin may have evolved to counteract the {beta}-tubulin intrinsic tendency to form off-pathway toxic homodimers through its exposed -tubulin-binding intradimer interface.

biochemistry↗

bioRxiv2025

Structure and mechanism of microtubule stabilization and motor regulation by MAP9

Microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) regulate the organization of microtubules and control intracellular transport, but their individual contributions to microtubule dynamics and motor regulation remain poorly understood. Here, we identify MAP9 as a critical factor that stabilizes microtubules and facilitates neuronal morphogenesis. MAP9 knockdown abolishes the outgrowth of neurites, a phenotype not observed through the loss of other neuronal MAPs. Cryo-electron microscopy revealed that, unlike other MAPs that bind along protofilaments, MAP9 binds around the microtubule as a long alpha helix using five consecutive repeats. This unique binding mode enables MAP9 to staple adjacent protofilaments, thereby preventing microtubule depolymerization. We also showed that MAP9 selectively permits kinesin-3 and dynein motility while hindering kinesin-1 through interactions with a divergent loop-8 of the kinesin motor domain. Our results establish MAP9 as a key MAP required for neuronal growth and uncover how it differentially regulates intracellular transport driven by kinesin motors.

biophysics↗

bioRxiv2025

Enhancing CRISPR Education: A Plug-And-Play Framework for Teaching Gene Editing in Plant Biology

Modern molecular biology tools and technologies such as CRISPR have sped up scientific discovery. From an educational perspective, these advancements are both exciting and overwhelming. Educators shaping these future scientists face the ongoing challenge of staying compliant with the latest developments in molecular biology while finding effective ways to teach these discoveries. As the use of CRISPR gene editing technology continues to expand globally, there is an increasing need for a workforce that is both knowledgeable about its theoretical foundations and trained in its practical use. While advanced, technology-driven STEM courses have the potential to improve student retention, they are often lecture-heavy and lack intentional engagement strategies that support deeper learning. Moreover, agriculture is the second most impacted sector by this technology, yet there is a significant lack of teaching materials focused on CRISPR in plant biology. To address these gaps, we developed a framework for teaching gene editing that incorporates multiple engagement strategies beyond traditional lecture-based instruction. This framework was implemented over two semesters in an Introduction to Gene Editing course at Tennessee State University, offered to both undergraduate and graduate students enrolled in a degree in Agricultural Sciences. This manuscript outlines the various strategies used in the course including active learning, multimodal instructional approaches and experiential learning strategies that can be adopted in other classrooms to effectively teach gene editing. Survey-based results from the course indicate a measurable increase in student comfort with designing and executing CRISPR-Cas based experiments. Societal Impact StatementPlant biology lacks accessible teaching materials for CRISPR, a powerful gene-editing technology widely used to improve agriculture. We developed an engaging framework to teach CRISPR concepts to advanced undergraduates and graduate students in plant sciences, which can be readily adopted by other instructors. The approach increased self-reported confidence in students and comfort in explaining CRISPR. Since instructors often have limited time to design interactive lessons, this framework offers a ready-to-use, effective strategy that makes CRISPR more widely available in classrooms, ultimately strengthening CRISPR literacy in the future agricultural workforce.

scientific communication and education↗

bioRxiv2025

Artemisia Database: A Comprehensive Resource for Gene Expression and Functional Insights in Artemisia annua

Artemisia annua is renowned for producing artemisinin, a compound that revolutionized malaria treatment and holds therapeutic promise for other diseases, including cancer and diabetes. However, low natural yields of artemisinin remain a major bottleneck, necessitating a deeper understanding of the genetic and regulatory networks involved in its biosynthesis. Although several transcriptomic studies on A. annua exist, they are often limited in scope, and a comprehensive, tissue-resolved gene expression resource has been lacking. Here, we present the Artemisia Database (Artemisia-DB)--a high-resolution expression atlas constructed from an extensive integration of publicly available RNA-seq datasets. The database provides transcript- and gene-level abundance estimates across major tissues and includes functional annotations such as Gene Ontology (GO) terms, KEGG pathways, and InterPro domains. As a case study, we investigated the coexpression profile of HMGR (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl- CoA reductase), a key enzyme in the mevalonate pathway and an early step in artemisinin biosynthesis. Coexpression analysis in leaf tissue revealed a subset of Auxin Response Factor (ARF) transcription factors strongly correlated to HMGR. This finding suggests a potential regulatory link between auxin signaling and artemisinin biosynthesis, providing new hypotheses for functional validation. Artemisia-DB is freely accessible at https://artemisia-db.com and offers an interactive interface for exploring expression data, functional annotations, transcription factors, CRISPR targets, and more. By combining high-quality transcriptome data with regulatory and functional insights, Artemisia-DB serves as a valuable resource for the plant research community and facilitates deeper investigation into the transcriptional dynamics and specialized metabolism of A. annua.

bioinformatics↗

bioRxiv2025

Cryo-EM structures of the Plant Augmin reveal its intertwined coiled-coil assembly, antiparallel dimerization and NEDD1 binding mechanisms

Microtubule (MT) branch nucleation is fundamental for building parallel MT networks in eukaryotic cells. In plants and metazoans, MT branch nucleation requires Augmin and NEDD1 proteins which bind along MTs and then recruit and activate the gamma-tubulin ring complex ({gamma}-TuRC). Augmin is a fork-shaped assembly composed of eight coiled-coil subunits, while NEDD1 is a WD40 {beta}-propellor protein that bridges across MTs, Augmin, and {gamma}-TuRC during MT branch nucleation. Here, we reconstitute hetero-tetrameric and hetero-octameric Arabidopsis thaliana Augmin assemblies, resolve their subunit interactions using crosslinking mass spectrometry and determine 3.7 to 7.3-[A] cryo-EM structures for the V-junction and extended regions of Augmin. These structures allowed us to generate a complete de novo plant Augmin model that reveals the long-range multi coiled-coil interfaces that stabilize its 40-nm hetero-octameric fork-shaped organization. We discovered the dual calponin homology (CH) domain forming its MT binding site at the end of its V-junction undertake open and closed conformations. We determined a 12-[A] dimeric Augmin cryo-EM structure revealing Augmin undergoes anti-parallel dimerization through two conserved surfaces along Augmins extended region. We reconstituted the NEDD1 WD40 {beta}-propellor with Augmin revealing it directly binds on top its V-junction and enhances Augmin dimerization. Our studies suggest that cooperativity between the Augmin dual CH domains and NEDD1 WD40 binding site may regulate Augmin V-junction dual binding to MT lattices. This unique V-shaped dual binding and organization anchors Augmins along MTs generating a platform to recruit {gamma}-TuRC and activate branched MT nucleation.

biochemistry↗

bioRxiv2024

Structural and functional insights into activation and regulation of the dynein-dynactin-NuMA complex

During cell division, NuMA orchestrates the focusing of microtubule minus-ends in spindle poles and cortical force generation on astral microtubules by interacting with dynein motors, microtubules, and other cellular factors. Here, we used in vitro reconstitution, cryo-electron microscopy, and live cell imaging to understand the mechanism and regulation of NuMA. We determined the structure of the processive dynein/dynactin/NuMA complex (DDN) and showed that the NuMA N-terminus drives dynein motility in vitro and facilitates dynein-mediated transport in live cells. The C-terminus of NuMA directly binds to and suppresses the dynamics of the microtubule minus-end. Full-length NuMA is autoinhibited for its interactions with dynein and microtubules, but mitotically phosphorylated NuMA activates dynein in vitro and interphase cells. Together with dynein, activated full-length NuMA focuses microtubule minus-ends into aster-like structures. These results provide critical insights into the activation of NuMA and dynein for their mitotic functions.

biophysics↗

bioRxiv2024

An Amplification Mechanism for Weak ELF Magnetic Fields Quantum-Bio Effects in Cancer Cells

Observing quantum mechanical characteristics in biological processes is a surprising and important discovery. One example, which is gaining more experimental evidence and practical applications, is the effect of weak magnetic fields with extremely low frequencies on cells, especially cancerous ones. In this study, we use a mathematical model of ROS dynamics in cancer cells to show how ROS oscillatory patterns can act as a resonator to amplify the small effects of the magnetic fields on the radical pair dynamics in mitochondrial Complex III. We suggest such a resonator can act in two modes for distinct states in cancer cells: 1) cells at the edge of mitochondrial oscillation and 2) cells with local oscillatory patches. When exposed to magnetic fields, the first group exhibits high-amplitude oscillations, while the second group synchronizes to reach a whole-cell oscillation. Both types of amplification are frequency-dependent in the range of hertz and sub-hertz. We use UV radiation as a positive control to observe the two states of cells in DU and HELA cell lines. Application of magnetic fields shows frequency-dependent results on both the ROS and mitochondrial potential which agree with the model for both type of cells. We also observe the oscillatory behavior in the time-lapse fluorescence microscopy for 0.02 Hz magnetic fields. Finally, we investigate the dependence of the results on the field strength and propose a quantum spin-forbidden mechanism for the effect of magnetic fields on superoxide production in QO site of mitochondrial Complex III.

biophysics↗

bioRxiv2024

Cryo-EM structures of the tubulin cofactors reveal the molecular basis for the biogenesis of alpha/beta-tubulin

Microtubule polarity and dynamic polymerization originate from the self-association properties of the a-tubulin heterodimer. For decades, it has remained poorly understood how the tubulin cofactors, TBCD, TBCE, TBCC, and the Arl2 GTPase mediate a-tubulin biogenesis from - and {beta}-tubulins. Here, we use cryogenic electron microscopy to determine structures of tubulin cofactors bound to {beta}-tubulin. These structures show that TBCD, TBCE, and Arl2 form a heterotrimeric cage-like TBC-DEG assembly around the a-tubulin heterodimer. TBCD wraps around Arl2 and almost entirely encircles -tubulin, while TBCE forms a lever arm that anchors along the other end of TBCD and rotates -tubulin. Structures of the TBC-DEG-{beta}-tubulin assemblies bound to TBCC reveal the clockwise rotation of the TBCE lever that twists a-tubulin by pulling its C-terminal tail while TBCD holds -tubulin in place. Altogether, these structures uncover transition states in {beta}-tubulin biogenesis, suggesting a vise-like mechanism for the GTP-hydrolysis dependent a-tubulin biogenesis mediated by TBC-DEG and TBCC. These structures provide the first evidence of the critical functions of the tubulin cofactors as enzymes that regulate the invariant organization of {beta}-tubulin, by catalyzing - and {beta}-tubulin assembly, disassembly, and subunit exchange which are crucial for regulating the polymerization capacities of {beta}-tubulins into microtubules.

biochemistry↗

bioRxiv2023

Directed evolution of nanosensors for the detection of mycotoxins

In this study, we develop and apply a directed evolution approach to engineer the optical sensing properties of DNA-wrapped single-walled carbon nanotubes (DNA-SWCNTs) towards mycotoxins, a class of molecules critical to detect in the food industry. We successfully demonstrate the creation of sensors for the detection of both the aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and fumonisin B1 (FB1) mycotoxins based on the specific response of the (9,4) and (7,5) SWCNT chirality fluorescence peaks, respectively. The resulting chirality-specific responsivity was used to demonstrate the multimodal detection of both mycotoxins at different wavelengths of light in the presence of complex food medium. Moreover, we show that directed evolution can be used not only to improve the chiral-dependent selectivity of our sensors to the mycotoxins, but also the sensor sensitivity and fluorescence intensity through multiple rounds of evolution. The approach demonstrated in this study is versatile and could be generalized to other SWCNT sensors as well as other nanosensors comprising a biological element.

biophysics↗

bioRxiv2020

V-NeuroStack: 3D Time Stacks for Identifying Patterns in Calcium Imaging Data

BackgroundUnderstanding functional correlations between the activities of neuron populations is vital for the analysis of neuronal networks. Analyzing large-scale neuroimaging data obtained from hundreds of neurons simultaneously poses significant visualization challenges. We developed V-NeuroStack, a novel network visualization tool to visualize data obtained using calcium imaging of spontaneous activity of cortical neurons in a mouse brain slice. New MethodV-NeuroStack creates 3D time stacks by stacking 2D time frames for a period of 600 seconds. It provides a web interface that enables exploration and analysis of data using a combination of 3D and 2D visualization techniques. Comparison with existing MethodsPrevious attempts to analyze such data have been limited by the tools available to visualize large numbers of correlated activity traces. V-NeuroStack can scale data sets with at least a few thousand temporal snapshots. ResultsV-NeuroStacks 3D view is used to explore patterns in the dynamic large-scale correlations between neurons over time. The 2D view is used to examine any timestep of interest in greater detail. Furthermore, a dual-line graph provides the ability to explore the raw and first-derivative values of a single neuron or a functional cluster of neurons. ConclusionsV-NeuroStack enables easy exploration and analysis of large spatio-temporal datasets using two visualization paradigms: (a) Space-Time cube (b)Two-dimensional networks, via web interface. It will support future advancements in in vitro and in vivo data capturing techniques and can bring forth novel hypotheses by permitting unambiguous visualization of large-scale patterns in the neuronal activity data.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2019

A novel dynamic network imaging analysis method reveals aging-related fragmentation of cortical networks in mouse

Network analysis of large-scale neuroimaging data has proven to be a particularly challenging computational problem. In this study, we adapt a novel analytical tool, known as the community dynamic inference method (CommDy), which was inspired by social network theory, for the study of brain imaging data from an aging mouse model. CommDy has been successfully used in other domains in biology; this report represents its first use in neuroscience. We used CommDy to investigate aging-related changes in network parameters in the auditory and motor cortices using flavoprotein autofluorescence imaging in brain slices and in vivo. Analysis of spontaneous activations in the auditory cortex of slices taken from young and aged animals demonstrated that cortical networks in aged brains were highly fragmented compared to networks observed in young animals. Specifically, the degree of connectivity of each activated node in the aged brains was significantly lower than those seen in the young brain, and multivariate analyses of all derived network metrics showed distinct clusters of these metrics in young vs. aged brains. CommDy network metrics were then used to build a random-forests classifier based on NMDA-receptor blockade data, which successfully recapitulated the aging findings, suggesting that the excitatory synaptic substructure of the auditory cortex may be altered during aging. A similar aging-related decline in network connectivity was also observed in spontaneous activity obtained from the awake motor cortex, suggesting that the findings in the auditory cortex are reflections of general mechanisms that occur during aging. Therefore, CommDy therefore provides a new dynamic network analytical tool to study the brain and provides links between network-level and synaptic-level dysfunction in the aging brain.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2019

Detection of novel allelic variations in soybean mutant population using Tilling by Sequencing

One of the most important tools in genetic improvement is mutagenesis, which is a useful tool to induce genetic and phenotypic variation for trait improvement and discovery of novel genes. JTN-5203 (MG V) mutant population was generated using an induced ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) mutagenesis and was used for detection of induced mutations in FAD2-1A and FAD2-1B genes using reverse genetics approach. Optimum concentration of EMS was used to treat 15,000 bulk JTN-5203 seeds producing 1,820 M2 population. DNA was extracted, normalized, and pooled from these individuals. Specific primers were designed from FAD2-1A and FAD2-1B genes that are involved in the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway for further analysis using next-generation sequencing. High throughput mutation discovery through TILLING-by-Sequencing approach was used to detect novel allelic variations in this population. Several mutations and allelic variations with high impacts were detected for FAD2-1A and FAD2-1B. This includes GC to AT transition mutations in FAD2-1A (20%) and FAD2-1B (69%). Mutation density for this population is estimated to be about 1/136kb. Through mutagenesis and high-throughput sequencing technologies, novel alleles underlying the mutations observed in mutants with reduced polyunsaturated fatty acids will be identified, and these mutants can be further used in breeding soybean lines with improved fatty acid profile, thereby developing heart-healthy-soybeans.

plant biology↗

bioRxiv2019

Assessing Root System Architecture of Wheat Seedlings Using A High-Throughput Root Phenotyping System

Background and aimsRoot system architecture is a vital part of the plant that has been shown to vary between species and within species based on response to genotypic and/or environmental influences. The root traits of wheat seedlings is critical for the establishment and evidently linked to plant height and seed yield. However, plant breeders have not efficiently developed the role of RSA in wheat selection due to the difficulty of studying root traits.\n\nMethodsWe set up a root phenotyping platform to characterize RSA in 34 wheat accessions. The phenotyping pipeline consists of the germination paper-based moisture replacement system, image capture units, and root-image processing software. The 34 accessions from two different wheat ploidy levels (hexaploids and tetraploids), were characterized in ten replicates. A total of 19 root traits were quantified from the root architecture generated.\n\nResultsThis pipeline allowed for rapid screening of 340 wheat seedlings within 10days. Also, at least one line from each ploidy (6x and 4x) showed significant differences (P < 0.05) in measured traits except in mean seminal count. Our result also showed strong correlation (0.8) between total root length, maximum depth and convex hull area.\n\nConclusionsThis phenotyping pipeline has the advantage and capacity to increase screening potential at early stages of plant development leading to characterization of wheat seedling traits that can be further examined using QTL analysis in populations generated from the examined accessions.

plant biology↗

bioRxiv2019

Corticothalamic gating of population auditory thalamocortical transmission in mouse

Since the discovery of the receptive field, scientists have tracked receptive field structure to gain insights about mechanisms of sensory processing. At the level of the thalamus and cortex, this linear filter approach has been challenged by findings that populations of cortical neurons respond in a stereotyped fashion to sensory stimuli. Here, we elucidate a possible mechanism by which gating of cortical representations occurs. All-or-none population responses (here called \"ON\" and \"OFF\" responses) were observed in vivo and in vitro in the mouse auditory cortex at near-threshold acoustic or electrical stimulation. ON-responses were associated with previously-described UP states in the auditory cortex. OFF-responses in the cortex were only eliminated by blocking GABAergic inhibition in the thalamus. Opto- and chemogenetic silencing of NTSR-positive corticothalamic layer 6 (CTL6) neurons as well as the pharmacological blocking of the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) retrieved the missing cortical responses, suggesting that the corticothalamic feedback inhibition via TRN controls the gating of thalamocortical activity. Moreover, the oscillation of the pre-stimulus activity of corticothalamic cells predicted the cortical ON vs. OFF responses, suggesting that underlying cortical oscillation controls thalamocortical gating. These data suggest that the thalamus may recruit cortical ensembles rather than linearly encoding ascending stimuli and that corticothalamic projections play a key role in selecting cortical ensembles for activation.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2019

A computational model of intrathalamic signaling via open-loop thalamo-reticular-thalamic architectures

Propagation of signals across the cerebral cortex is a core component of many cognitive processes and is generally thought to be mediated by direct intracortical connectivity. The thalamus, by contrast, is considered to be devoid of internal connections and organized as a collection of parallel inputs to the cortex. Here, we provide evidence that \"open-loop\" intrathalamic connections involving the thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) can support propagation of oscillatory activity across the cortex. Recent studies support the existence of open-loop thalamo-reticulo-thalamic (TC-TRN-TC) synaptic motifs in addition to traditional closed-loop architectures. We hypothesized that open-loop structural modules, when connected in series, might underlie thalamic and, therefore cortical, signal propagation. Using a supercomputing platform to simulate thousands of permutations of a thalamo-reticular-cortical network and allowing select synapses to vary both by class and individually, we evaluated the relative capacities of closed- and open-loop TC-TRN-TC synaptic configurations to support both propagation and oscillation. We observed that 1) signal propagation was best supported in networks possessing strong open-loop TC-TRN-TC connectivity; 2) intrareticular synapses were neither primary substrates of propagation nor oscillation; and 3) heterogeneous synaptic networks supported more robust propagation of oscillation than their homogeneous counterparts. These findings suggest that open-loop heterogeneous intrathalamic architectures complement direct intracortical connectivity to facilitate cortical signal propagation.\n\nSignificance StatementInteractions between the dorsal thalamus and thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) are speculated to contribute to phenomena such as arousal, attention, sleep, and seizures. Despite the importance of the TRN, the synaptic microarchitectures forming the basis for dorsal thalamus-TRN interactions are not fully understood. The computational neural model we present incorporates \"open-loop\" thalamo-reticular-thalamic (TC-TRN-TC) synaptic motifs, which have been experimentally observed. We elucidate how open-loop motifs possess the capacity to shape the propagative properties of signals intrinsic to the thalamus and evaluate the wave dynamics they support relative to closed-loop TC-TRN-TC pathways and intrareticular synaptic connections. Our model also generates predictions regarding how different spatial distributions of reticulothalamic and intrareticular synapses affect these signaling properties.

neuroscience↗