Biology subjects

T, R.

Publications and source records attributed to T, R..

3 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2025

Comprehensive Genotoxicity and Subchronic Oral Toxicity Evaluation of Kumamolisin from Bacillus sp. MN-32 for Human Use

Kumamolisin from Bacillus sp. MN-32 (produced by E. coli B/BL21 background) is an acid-active sedolisin protease developed for food uses; its systemic safety was assessed using GLP (Good-laboratory-practice) in vitro genotoxicity assays and repeated-dose oral studies. A bacterial reverse-mutation assay (OECD TG 471; Salmonella TA98, TA100, TA102, TA1535, TA1537; plate-incorporation and preincubation; {+/-}S9) showed no concentration-related increases in revertants up to 5000 {micro}g total organic solids (TOS)/plate. A mammalian cell micronucleus test (OECD TG 487; human lymphocytes; 4 h {+/-}S9 and 24 h -S9) showed no significant increases in micronucleated binucleated cells at 1250-5000 {micro}g TOS/mL, with cytotoxicity [≤] 21.6% by CBPI (Cytokinesis-Block Proliferation Index). In 28-day and 90-day repeated dose toxicity studies Sprague Dawley rat studies (OECD TG 407/408; n = 10/sex/group) at 0, 500, 1000, and 2000 mg TOS/kg bw/day by gavage (10 mL/kg/day), survival was 100% and in-life observations, ophthalmology, neurobehavior, urinalysis, hematology, coagulation, and clinical chemistry were unremarkable; isolated statistical differences (e.g., male total protein, BUN, glucose, LDL; calcium; female phosphorus) were marginal, within historical ranges, non-monotonic, and lacked histopathology correlates. Organ-weight differences were single-sex and non-dose-dependent. No test-item-related lesions were detected. The NOAEL was 2000 mg TOS/kg bw/day ((highest dose tested) in both the 28-day and 90-day studies, supporting oral safety for food-use exposure.

pharmacology and toxicology↗

bioRxiv2024

Maternal behavior in Sumatran orangutans (Pongo abelii) is modulated by mother-offspring characteristics and socioecological factors

Mammalian mothers flexibly invest in their offspring to maximize their lifetime fitness. Flexible maternal investment may be particularly important in large-brained species with prolonged maternal care - e.g., in great apes. We investigated the effects of socioecological factors and mother-offspring characteristics on nine maternal behaviors in wild Sumatran orangutans (Pongo abelii; N=22 mother-offspring pairs; over 11,200 hours of focal data; collected from 2007-2022) using generalized linear mixed models. The behaviors fall under four maternal functions: locomotory support (carrying), skill acquisition support (feeding in proximity, food transfer), protective proximity maintenance (body contact and proximity initiation, following), and independence promotion (body contact and proximity termination, avoiding). Mothers parity was not significantly associated with any maternal behavior. Mothers were more likely to show locomotory support, skill acquisition support, and protective proximity maintenance toward younger than older offspring; whereas they were more likely to promote independence in older than younger offspring. Mothers with male offspring were more likely to show skill acquisition support to their offspring than those with female offspring. With increasing food availability, skill acquisition support reduced. With increasing association size, mothers were more likely to show protective proximity maintenance and less likely to promote independence. When males were present, mothers were more likely to show locomotory support to their offspring. Sumatran orangutan mothers thus flexibly adjust offspring directed behavior in response to prevailing socioecological factors and mother-offspring characteristics. Our findings add support to the evolutionary theory that mammalian mothers flexibly invest in their offspring.

animal behavior and cognition↗

bioRxiv2020

Higher Order AMMI (HO-AMMI) analysis: A novel stability model to study genotype-location interactions

Additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model is most widely used to analyse genotype*environment interactions (GEI) wherein interaction effects of location is masked by year effect. Hence, presently available models are not able to estimate interaction effects of genotype*location (GLI) and genotype*year (GYI) separately. Moreover, genotype ranking differs as number of years of evaluation vary making selection of genotype for target location difficult. In the present study we propose a novel stability model i.e Higher-order-AMMI (HO-AMMI) analysis which is capable of calculating GLI without the confounding effect of GYI and GLYI. GEI of AMMI model and all 2-way interactions of HO-AMMI model follow {chi}2 distribution, whereas 3-way interaction (GLYI) of HO-AMMI follow noncentral {chi}2 distribution. With increase in number of years of evaluation contribution of GLI towards total variation increased whereas in AMMI model contribution of GEI towards total variation decreased. Variation explained by multiplicative components is higher in HO-AMMI compared to AMMI model. Genotypes were ranked using GL, GY and GL+GY+GLY interactions of HO-AMMI and GEI of AMMI for stability and yield and compared their ranks with field ranking. Correlation and linear regression analysis have indicated high association of GLI (HO-AMMI) with field ranking with high R2 values. Further, HO-AMMI model was able to remove the confounding effect of GYI and GLYI on GLI for accurate identification of genotype for target location irrespective of number of years of evaluation. Hence, HO-AMMI model can be used under multi-environment trials (MET) for selecting genotypes efficiently. Availability and InformationSource code implemented in R is available from corresponding author.

plant biology↗