Cascaded Nano-ring Dialyzer for Continuous Regenerative Peritoneal Dialysis
End-stage kidney disease (ESKD) requires lifelong kidney replacement therapy, yet conventional hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis remain limited by intermittent treatment, restricted mobility, and repeated dialysate exchange. Here, we developed a continuous regenerative peritoneal dialysis platform based on a nano-ring-assisted nanoelectrokinetic dialyzer for portable artificial kidney applications. We first identified key geometric and electrokinetic parameters governing the removal performance of nano-ring meshes, including mesh dimension, nano-ring coating thickness, the number of cascaded nano-rings, and the relative orientation between fluid flow and the applied electric field. We then developed a single nano-ring dialyzer operating at 1.33 mL/min and scaled the treatment capacity to approximately 10 mL min/min through parallel integration of multiple modules. In a canine model, the closed-loop system achieved approximately 10 % reduction in circulating uremic toxin levels during continuous treatment. We further improved the biocompatibility of the regenerated dialysate by integrating plate-type electrodes, activated carbon, bicarbonate buffering, and UV-C treatment. In an unanesthetized canine model, the improved system sustained continuous toxin removal for 4 h while major hepatic and inflammatory markers remained within recoverable ranges. These results demonstrate that cascaded nano-ring enables continuous dialysate regeneration with scalable throughput, reduced dependence on fresh dialysate, and in vivo control of uremic toxins, providing a technological foundation for portable or wearable regenerative peritoneal dialysis systems.