Biology subjects

Sun, W.

Publications and source records attributed to Sun, W..

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

bioRxiv2026

Dynamic Changes in the Urinary Proteome of Normal Pregnant Women and Their Correlation with Fetal Developmental Progression - A Methodological Exploration Based on "One-versus-Many" Urinary Proteomic Comparative Analysis

This study employed a "one-versus-many" (a single pregnant woman compared with multiple non-pregnant women) urinary proteomic comparative framework to examine whether fetal development-related signals can be captured through changes in the urinary proteome under conditions of limited sample size. The experimental group consisted of urinary proteomic data from three women with normal pregnancies (R6, R15, R16) at three gestational time points ([~]6-8 weeks, 22-24 weeks, and 32-34 weeks; Wang et al., 2022), while the control group consisted of urinary proteomic data from six healthy non-pregnant women (Bao & Gao, ChinaXiv: 202302.00108v2). A total of nine independent "1 vs. 6" differential protein analyses and DAVID GO Biological Process enrichment analyses (P < 0.05) were performed. The results showed that all three pregnant women exhibited a large number of differentially expressed proteins at each time point, and all enriched GO BP terms highly relevant to concurrent fetal organ development (nervous system, lung, eye, ear, kidney, etc.). This suggests that the pregnancy urinary proteome can reflect fetal development signals, corroborating the findings reported by Wang et al. (2025) in a rat model. This study demonstrates that the one-versus-many comparative approach maintains high sensitivity under small-sample conditions and can provide a methodological reference for personalized pregnancy medicine.

biochemistry↗

bioRxiv2026

Lineage-Specific Neofunctionalization of Polyacetylene-Directing UGT76 Glycosyltransferases in Campanulaceae

Polyacetylene glycosides exhibit notable pharmacological activities, yet the glycosyltransferases acting on their polyacetylene scaffolds remain unknown. Here we report a telomere-to-telomere genome assembly of Codonopsis pilosula and, guided by spatial metabolomics, characterize three UDP-glycosyltransferases: CpUGT76BG1 and CpUGT76BG2 catalyze the direct glycosylation of lobetyol to lobetyolin, while CpUGT94BY2 performs subsequent sugar-sugar coupling to produce lobetyolinin, with each activity confirmed by in planta overexpression. Structural modeling reveals that CpUGT76BG1 and CpUGT76BG2 employ a deep hydrophobic tunnel to fully encase the linear polyacetylene chain, a binding architecture distinct from the shallow pockets used by canonical plant UGTs for planar aromatic substrates. Ancestral sequence reconstruction across eleven nodes partitions the UGT76 lineage into three functionally distinct evolutionary stages, tracing the trajectory from an ancestral shallow pocket to this specialized deep architecture. These findings establish the key glycosylation steps of polyacetylene glycoside biosynthesis, define a tunnel-based paradigm for non-planar substrate recognition, and reveal how tandem duplication-driven active site remodeling generates metabolic novelty.

evolutionary biology↗

bioRxiv2026

Peri-Locus Coeruleus Controls Endothelial Cell Heterogeneity in Enriched Environments via Region-Specific Norepinephrine Signaling

The brain acts as a central integrator that enables organisms to interpret environmental stimuli and coordinate adaptive responses across the body. While enriched environments are known to enhance neural plasticity and cognitive function, their impact on peripheral organ systems remains less understood. Here, we show that enriched environmental conditions activate a peri-locus coeruleus (peri-LC) neuronal ensemble that preserves CD31hiEMCNhi type H endothelium, a specialized bone-associated endothelial subtype, against age-associated decline, thereby enhancing femoral bone density. Chemogenetic activation and ablation experiments further revealed that this peri-LC ensemble is functionally distinct from other sympathetic regulatory brain regions in its control of bone endothelial heterogeneity and skeletal mass. Three-dimensional bone clearing and spatial analyses showed that CD31hiEMCNhi endothelium is closely associated with sympathetic nerve terminals. The peri-LC mediates this process through sympathetic signaling and {beta}2-adrenergic receptors on bone vascular endothelial cells. In vivo imaging further demonstrated that norepinephrine release is spatially restricted, with sprouting endothelial cells near the growth plate exhibiting the highest sensitivity. Together, these findings reveal a refined brain-periphery regulatory logic in which distinct sympathetic brain circuits engage spatially restricted norepinephrine signaling to coordinate organ-specific vascular and skeletal adaptations.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2026

Inflammation-driven reprogramming of goblet cells underlies the onset of serrated adenomas in colon cancer

In the context of inflammation, fully committed and post-mitotic cell lineages can initiate intestinal tumorigenesis in the mouse through dedifferentiation and acquisition of revival stem cell (RSC) features1,2. Likewise, by means of machine-learning analysis of whole-genome mutation spectra, the secretory goblet cell was predicted as the most frequent cell-of-origin (COO) of colon cancer in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients2. Of note, even among sporadic (non-IBD) colon cancer patients, goblet cells were predicted as the most common differentiated COO of cancer in the colonic epithelium2, suggestive of the main role played by diet-induced inflammation in the onset of a large proportion of malignancies of the large bowel. However, how goblet cells respond to inflammation and reprogram their identity to become potential tumor-initiating cells remains unclear. Here, by taking advantage of publicly available single-cell RNAseq data from colonic tissues of ulcerative colitis (UC) patients3, we have characterized the inflammation-driven reprogramming of goblet cells. By means of an RNA velocity-based computational approach, we show that the mucus-producing goblet cells acquire an aberrant proliferative state earmarked by MUC5AC+ expression. Trajectory analysis of serrated adenoma cells4 reveal aberrant goblet cells as an intermediate state in the transition to revival stem cells, notably more common in BRAF-mutant cases. In support of these findings, COO predictions using whole-genome mutation spectra from a cohort of sporadic colon cancers5 connect tumors with a predicted goblet origin to BRAF mutations and reveal transcriptional remnants of the aberrant goblet cell state.

Cancer Biology↗

bioRxiv2026

Context-dependent effects of microglial MyD88 removal on voluntary ethanol consumption in mice

Neuroimmune signaling is increasingly implicated in alcohol use disorder (AUD). Microglia, the brains resident immune cells, signal in part through the adaptor protein myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88), a key mediator of innate immune responses. Here, we investigated whether microglial-specific MyD88 signaling regulates voluntary alcohol consumption in adulthood, as whole-body loss of MyD88 was previously shown to increase drinking. We further determined if alcohol altered parvalbumin-expressing interneurons (PVIs) and microglia within the pre-frontal cortex, based on our previously described role for MyD88 signaling on perineuronal net (PNN) deposition on PVIs in several brain regions, and the well characterized role of inhibitory signaling in alcohol use disorders. Loss of microglial-MyD88 had minimal effects on voluntary alcohol intake and anxiety-like behaviors. Alcohol exposure did not modify observed MyD88-dependent changes in PVIs/PNNs, despite altering microglial morphology in the male prefrontal cortex independent of genotype. The addition of an early life endotoxin challenge was sufficient to induce an increase in adult alcohol consumption in both MyD88-deficient and control males. However, injection of saline alone also induced an increase in adult drinking in MyD88-deficient males. These findings suggest that microglial-MyD88 signaling does not strongly regulate alcohol intake under baseline conditions in a one-bottle, voluntary binge-drinking paradigm, however there may be a role for microglial-MyD88 signaling in modulating the impact of developmental environmental contexts, such as stress, in later-life male drinking behavior. This work highlights the importance of developmental context, such as stress or inflammatory history, in understanding underlying microglia signaling mechanisms in conferring AUD risk.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2026

Maternal high-fat diet drives sex-specific microglia remodeling of serotonergic reward circuits

Maternal nutrition shapes offspring brain development and influences neurodevelopmental disorder risk, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In mice, maternal high-fat diet exposure disrupted microglia-serotonin interactions during a critical postnatal period, producing persistent, sex-specific mesolimbic alterations. Male but not female offspring showed increased serotonergic fiber density in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), coincident with reduced microglial phagocytosis of serotonergic projections. Microglial 5-HT2C receptor signaling is a key regulator of this process. Viral over expression in microglia, mimicking diet-induced upregulation, was sufficient to cause serotonergic hyperinnervation. By adulthood, male offspring displayed increased NAc serotonin release and projection-specific changes in dorsal raphe physiology. These circuit alterations accelerated reward-motivated learning, a phenotype reproduced by chemogenetic activation of NAc-projecting serotonergic neurons. Together, these findings reveal a novel mechanism by which maternal diet programs serotonergic circuit assembly and behavior in a sex-specific manner, providing a potential link between early-life metabolic inflammation and lifelong serotonergic dysfunction.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2026

The Impact of Dysregulated Lipid Metabolism on the Gut-Brain Axis in Patients with Intracerebral Hemorrhage

BACKGROUNGBisphenol A (BPA) has been linked to hypertension and disturbances in lipid metabolism; however, limited evidence is available regarding its association with hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). METHODSA multicenter, retrospective case-control study was conducted involving 129 participants, including individuals from an ICH group and healthy controls. Standard assays were employed to assess serum thyroid function, lipid profiles, serum fatty acid-binding [x]protein 4 (FABP4), oxidative stress markers, gap junction proteins, Wnt/{beta}-catenin signaling pathway activity, and expression changes of S100A8-mediated inflammatory cytokines involved in gut-brain interactions. Correlation analyses using Pearson and Spearman methods revealed that both BPA exposure and low T3 levels were significantly associated with elevated diastolic blood pressure, altered lipid metabolism, gut microbiota composition, and microglial activation. RESULTSGender-based disparities in lipid metabolism were identified. Changes in {beta}3-adrenergic receptor and neuromodulin-1 expression appear to influence fat regulation and attenuate oxidative stress responses. Subsequently, increased expression of gap junction proteins and activation of the Wnt/{beta}-catenin signaling pathway contribute to metabolic reprogramming and alterations in biochemical kinetics. Gut microbiota analysis demonstrated that, compared to controls, the ICH group exhibited significant dysbiosis and reduced alpha diversity. Further correlation analyses indicated that BPA levels were positively associated with FABP4 and oxidative stress markers, while S100A8 showed a strong dependence on microglial expression. CONCLUSIONThe interplay between lipid metabolism dysfunction and pro-inflammatory cytokines enhances vascular vulnerability. Collectively, BPA exposure, oxidative stress, and microglia-mediated neuroinflammation are significantly associated with an elevated risk of hypertensive ICH. China Clinical Trial Registry registration noticeFrom: China Clinical Trials Registry +To:guopingwang60a yunyanshuangfei FUNDINGThis work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province (grant no. 201701D121177) Key informationGender-specific differences were observed in lipid metabolism and oxidative stress parameters; BPA exposure was shown to induce lipid metabolic disturbances, promote excessive production of oxidative stress byproducts, and consequently elevate oxidative stress responses; BPA was associated with stress-induced alterations in thyroid hormone function, further exacerbating dysregulation of lipid metabolism and oxidative stress; Fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4), a key adipokine implicated in metabolic disorders and adipose tissue inflammation, exhibited a significant positive correlation with serum BPA levels, whereas low levels of triiodothyronine (T3) were negatively correlated with FABP4. These findings suggest that serum FABP4 may serve as a biochemical marker for chronic low-grade adipose tissue inflammation and metabolic dysfunction; Gap junction proteins and the Wnt/{beta}-catenin signaling pathway may contribute to microglial activation and mediate neuroinflammatory responses, nerve injury, and secondary pathological processes in obesity-related cerebral hemorrhage.

biochemistry↗

bioRxiv2026

Tripeptidyl peptidase II is essential for maintaining cerebrovascular homeostasis of female mice and represents a novel therapeutic target for vascular dementia

Although cerebrovascular impairment is a known common driver of both Vascular dementia (VaD) and Alzheimers disease (AD), the underlying mechanisms remain poorly defined. Substantial evidence has demonstrated that brain-derived estrogen is essential for cerebrovascular health and neuroprotection. Consequently, therapeutic strategies that can replicate the beneficial effects of estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) in the brain while avoiding its peripheral risks are being actively pursued. Here, we demonstrate that tripeptidyl peptidase II (TPP2) is essential for cerebrovascular homeostasis in adult female mice by orchestrating intracellular Ca{superscript 2} distribution and local estrogen biosynthesis. Specifically, TPP2 deficiency triggers a vicious cycle of Ca{superscript 2} imbalance and estrogen deficiency, thereby disrupting the anticipatory unfolded protein response (UPR). This disruption consequently drives aberrant pexophagic flux and ultimately depletes ether-linked phosphatidylcholine (PC-O)--the essential building block of endothelial cell (EC) membranes. In addition, we identified PC-O as a key facilitator of choline uptake through FLVCR2 and therefore its deficiency causes subsequent choline depletion as well as significantly decreased acetylcholine (ACh). Consistent with the fact that choline is a building block of PC and that ACh is a primary driver of vascular dilation, TPP2 depletion leads to significant cerebrovascular degeneration characterized by narrowed lumens, decreased EC number, and abnormal aggregation of ECs within the blood vessel. Additionally, AAV-mediated specific expression of Far1 in ECs to promote ether-PC biosynthesis significantly increases cerebrovascular volume and diameter in hippocampi of adult female TPP2 knockout (T2KO) mice. Importantly, ectopic expression of Far1 in ECs not only significantly ameliorates memory impairment in global and conditional TPP2-depleted female mice, but also significantly improves memory performance of naturally aged female mice. In total, our findings establish TPP2 as a key determinant of cerebrovascular homeostasis in adult female mice, positioning it as a novel therapeutic candidate for the treatment of VaD and AD.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2026

CoCUT&Tag maps linked chromatin states at single-molecule, single-cell resolution

Genomic methods for profiling multiple chromatin features face tradeoffs in specificity, sensitivity, and the ability to measure chromatin co-occupancy in rare cell types and primary tissues. Here, we present CoCUT&Tag, which uses synthetic antigen-peptide repeats paired with nanobodies to enhance Tn5 transposase targeting and enable single-cell measurement of the co-occupancy of two chromatin features on the same DNA molecule. We apply CoCUT&Tag to test the model that bivalent chromatin, marked by the coexistence of H3K27me3 and H3K4 methylation, preserves stem-cell multipotency by keeping developmental genes poised for future activation. We find that during human hematopoietic differentiation, global bivalency increases, whereas the number of genes in an active chromatin state is highest in stem and multipotent progenitor cells. Bivalent and unmarked genes activate with similar timing, but bivalent genes define a distinct regulatory class that achieves higher expression, is associated with more numerous and stronger enhancers, and is preferentially derepressed following loss of Polycomb-repressor proteins. Our study shows that bivalent chromatin increases enhancer demand to enable high-amplitude gene activation, demonstrating that CoCUT&Tag can resolve longstanding questions about combinatorial chromatin regulation.

genomics↗

bioRxiv2026

CMS: Achieving Uniform and High-Quality Sequencing across Challenging Non-canonical Genomic Regions

High-throughput sequencing is essential in modern biological research, yet low-complexity sequences remain challenging as they form structurally complex, non-canonical (non-B) DNA conformations that impede sequencing enzyme read-through. This leads to a long-standing trade-off: maximizing coverage introduces false positives (FP), while stringent filtering causes coverage loss and false negatives (FN). To address this, we developed CMS (Cross Mountains and Seas) on GeneMind sequencing platforms by optimizing its chemistry and enzymatic systems to traverse these secondary structures with high fidelity. Benchmarking across whole-genome (WGS) and whole-exome (WES) sequencing demonstrates that CMS addresses the trade-off by simultaneously enhancing both coverage uniformity and accuracy, notably achieving an approximately 100-fold reduction in low-coverage bins for WGS and a 70% reduction in FN insertions/deletions (INDELs) within complex non-B regions. Specifically, a synthetic G-quadruplex (G4) motif sequencing experiment demonstrates that CMS maintains a 1:1 strand ratio, effectively handling G4-induced biases where benchmarked platforms exhibit extensive depletion. These findings establish CMS as a reliable technology for the precise characterization of structural-challenging but functional-essential genome regions.

genomics↗

bioRxiv2026

Concordia: Spatial Domain Detection via Augmented Graphs for Population-Level Spatial Proteomics

A key step in analyzing population-level spatial proteomic data is to delineate consistently defined spatial domains across samples. Domain detection is particularly challenging for cancer tissues, which have complex spatial domains with elongated or branching geometries. To address these challenges, we present Concordia, a Graph Neural Network (GNN)-based framework that uses augmented graphs to capture complex spatial domains, and it is designed to analyze thousands of tissues simultaneously to obtain consistently defined domains. Applied to a lung cancer dataset, Concordia uncovers a spatially defined cancer associated fibroblast subset linked to clinical outcomes that cannot be identified using protein expression alone.

genomics↗

bioRxiv2026

N-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Ameliorate Post-infarction Cardiac Dysfunction Through Modulation Of Adiponectin-Ceramide Metabolism

BackgroundIt has been shown that n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) of marine origin exert significant beneficial effects on myocardial infarction (MI); however, the underlying mechanisms remained unclear. Ceramides play a vital role in the regulation of energy metabolism, mitochondrial function, and apoptosis. Through the integration of clincial studies and animal experiments, this study aimed to determine whether n-3 PUFA improved myocardial function by modulating ceramide metabolism. MethodsIn a case-control study, 100 patients with AMI and 100 healthy pariticipants were enrolled to measure serum ceramide concentrations. Meanwhile, mice were randomly allocated into 4 groups and administrated to a 3-week intervention with n-3 PUFA in triglyceride and phospholipid forms. A mouse model of MI was then established, followed by an additional 4 weeks of continuous intervention. Subsequent comprehensive assessments of cardiac function were performed in the mice. Finally, the mice were euthanized to conduct targeted ceramide lipidomic analysis and other relevant assays. ResultsThe levels of serum C16:0-, C18:0-, C20:0-, C24:1-ceramides and total ceramides in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) were significantly higher compared with the healthy controls. In the murine model of myocardial infarction, pathological analysis via TTC staining demonstrated that interventions with fish oil (triglyceride form) and krill oil (phospholipid form) both significantly reduced myocardial infarct size. Concomitant echocardiographic assessment confirmed that both treatments markedly elevated left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), with the magnitude of improvement being significantly superior to that of the model control group. Concurrently, compared with the model group, the concentrations of ceramides in cardiac tissue and serum were significantly lower in the groups with fish oil and krill oil intervention. Western blot analysis further confirmed that n-3 PUFA intervention upregulated adiponectin expression, reduced ceramide accumulation in myocardial tissue, and inhibited mitochondria-mediated cardiomyocyte apoptosis, thereby improving cardiac function and prognosis following myocardial infarction. ConclusionsThis work demonstrates that n-3 PUFA exert cardioprotective effects following MI mediated by adiponectin-ceramide axis. However, there is no significant difference regarding therapeutic efficacy of n-3 PUFA in triglyceride or phospholipid forms.

pharmacology and toxicology↗

bioRxiv2026

Label free multimodal optical imaging of metabolic heterogeneity in aging by integrating SRS, MPF, FLIM, and SHG

Cellular metabolism is governed by the coordinated organization of macromolecules, including lipids and proteins, together with redox-active cofactors such as NADH and FAD. However, resolving these biochemical features quantitatively and spatially at subcellular resolution remains challenging because no single imaging modality can capture molecular composition, redox state, and tissue architecture simultaneously without labeling. Here, we present MANIFEST (Multimodal Analysis of Nonlinear Imaging for Functional Endogenous Spatial correlaTion), a label-free imaging platform that integrates stimulated Raman scattering (SRS), second harmonic generation (SHG), multiphoton fluorescence (MPF), and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) with their spatial correlation. MANIFEST combines chemical imaging of lipids with autofluorescence- and lifetime-based quantification of NADH and FAD metabolism, enabling spatially resolved analysis of metabolic heterogeneity at organelle and tissue-compartment levels. We apply this framework to four distinct aging or disease models: amyloid-beta-treated tri-cultured brain cells, high-fat diet mouse liver, human non-ischemic cardiomyopathy tissue, and aging mouse retina. Across these systems, MANIFEST reveals disease-associated lipid remodeling, redox imbalance, disrupted metabolic zonation, collagen reorganization, and layer-specific metabolic changes. By integrating complementary nonlinear optical modalities into a single label-free platform, MANIFEST provides an extensible, proof-of-concept platform for high-resolution metabolic phenotyping in complex biological systems and offers new opportunities for studying disease mechanisms, aging biology, and metabolism-driven tissue pathology.

bioengineering↗

bioRxiv2026

MTB-KB: A Curated Knowledgebase of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Related Studies

Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), has regained its position as the worlds leading killer among infectious diseases. Despite extensive research progress across epidemiology, diagnosis, drug development, treatment regimens, vaccines, drug resistance, virulence factors, and immune mechanisms, MTB-related knowledge remains fragmented across thousands of publications, limiting its effective use. To address this gap, we present MTB-KB, a literature-curated knowledgebase that systematically integrates high-impact findings from eight major sections of TB research. The current release contains 75,170 associations from 1,246 publications, covering 18,439 entities standardized using authoritative databases and WHO-endorsed classifications. A central feature is the interactive knowledge graph, which links cross-section associations to reveal and infer MTB-host interactions, treatment strategies, and vaccine development opportunities. MTB-KB also provides a user-friendly interface with browsing, advanced search, and statistical visualization. Overall, by consolidating dispersed MTB knowledge into a structured and accessible platform, MTB-KB provides a valuable resource for researchers, clinicians, and policymakers, supporting both basic and clinical TB research, enabling evidence-based TB prevention, diagnosis, and treatment, and contributing to global elimination efforts. MTB-KB is accessible at https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/mtbkb/.

bioinformatics↗

bioRxiv2026

Short-term synaptic plasticity at neuron-OPC synapses in the corpus callosum during postnatal development of mice: experimental and computational study

Neuronal circuits rely on precisely timed synaptic transmission and plasticity, which are established through activity-dependent maturation during development. While these processes are well characterized at neuronal synapses, far less is known about how synaptic communication between neurons and glial cells develops. Pyramidal cortical neurons project axons through white matter where they release glutamate ectopically along their shafts and form glutamatergic synapses with oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). The functional maturation of these neuron-glia connections remains unknown. Here, using single-cell electrophysiology combined with computational modelling, we show that neuron-OPC synapses in the mouse corpus callosum undergo a pronounced developmental transformation in short-term synaptic plasticity. During the first two postnatal months, these synapses switch from strong synaptic depression to facilitation. This transition is accompanied by a shortening of synaptic delay and a reduction in asynchronous glutamate release, indicating an increase in temporal precision of neurotransmitter signalling in white matter. Computational modelling suggests that both pre- and postsynaptic changes may underlie this functional maturation. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that neuron-OPC synapses in white matter are not static but undergo developmental transition towards facilitation and temporally precise transmission that parallels the maturation trajectory of classical neuronal synapses in cortical grey matter. These results identify neuron-glia synapses in white matter as dynamic elements of developing neural circuits, and suggest that synaptic release machineries at axonal shafts in white matter and synaptic boutons in grey matter mature in a similar fashion.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2026

Translating Histopathology Foundation Model Embeddings into Cellular and Molecular Features for Clinical Studies

AI-powered pathology foundation models provide general-purpose representations of histopathological images by encoding image tiles into numerical embeddings. However, these embeddings are not directly interpretable in biological or clinical terms and must be translated into biologically meaningful features, such as cell-type composition or gene expression, to enable downstream clinical applications. To bridge this gap, we developed STpath, a framework that integrates histopathology image embeddings derived from existing pathology foundation models with matched, spatially resolved transcriptomics data. STpath consists of cancer-specific XGBoost models trained to infer cell-type compositions and gene expression from histopathology image tiles. We evaluated STpath in colorectal and breast cancer datasets and showed that it provides accurate estimates of the composition of major cell types and the expression of a subset of genes, with further performance gains achieved by combining embeddings from multiple foundation models. Finally, we demonstrated that STpath inferred features that can be used in downstream studies to evaluate their associations with clinical outcomes.

bioinformatics↗

bioRxiv2026

CAPZ, but not canonical autophagy, regulates the endosomal-exosomal trafficking of plasma membrane PD-L1

Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) undergoes continuous endocytosis and intracellular trafficking that regulate its degradation, recycling, and exosomal release. Although PD-L1 internalization is known to depend on RAB5-mediated endocytosis, whether canonical autophagy contributes to its subsequent endosomal trafficking remains unclear. Here we show that the endosomal and exosomal trafficking of cell surface PD-L1 occurs independently of the canonical autophagy machinery. Genetic disruption of core autophagy components, including LC3B, ATG4B, ATG5, and ATG7, did not impair trafficking of internalized PD-L1 to early endosomes, multivesicular bodies, late endosomes, or extracellular vesicles. Pharmacologic inhibition of autophagosome-lysosome fusion enhanced accumulation of PD-L1 within RAB5-and CD63-positive compartments, but this effect persisted in cells lacking LC3B, ATG5, or ATG7, indicating that PD-L1 trafficking through the endosomal-exosomal pathway does not require canonical autophagy. Instead, we identify the actin-capping protein CAPZ as a key regulator of an endosomal maturation checkpoint that controls PD-L1 sorting. Loss of CAPZ impaired progression of PD-L1 from early to late endosomal compartments, reduced PD-L1 incorporation into multivesicular bodies and extracellular vesicles, and redirected PD-L1 toward RAB11-dependent recycling, resulting in increased plasma membrane PD-L1 abundance. These findings establish that PD-L1 membrane fate is determined by CAPZ-dependent endosomal maturation rather than canonical autophagy and identify endosomal trafficking machinery as a critical regulator of immune checkpoint distribution.

cell biology↗

bioRxiv2026

Circulating MicroRNAs as Potential Diagnostic Biomarkers for Heart Failure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

BackgroundCurrent heart failure (HF) biomarkers (e.g., BNP/NT-proBNP) have limitations in specificity and performance in HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) are promising novel biomarkers. This study aimed to comprehensively evaluate the diagnostic stability of circulating miRNAs for HF, identify novel candidates, and prioritize them for clinical translation. MethodsWe conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis. PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Central were searched from inception to March 2025. Studies comparing miRNA expression in HF versus control groups using blood or tissue samples were included. Data were extracted, and study quality was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (human) and SYRCLEs tool (animal). A random-effects model pooled log odds ratios (logORs) for each miRNA. Subgroup analyses were based on species, ethnicity, and sample type. Evidence quality was graded using the GRADE framework. ResultsEighty-six studies (61 human, 25 animal) with 3,023 samples were included. Meta-analysis identified 71 consistently dysregulated circulating miRNAs (58 up, 13 down) in HF. Key upregulated miRNAs included miR-21 (logOR=8.15, 95% CI: 7.55-8.74), miR-423-5p, and miR-210. Key downregulated miRNAs included miR-144 and miR-126. Subgroup analyses revealed differences by species, ethnicity (Asian vs. non-Asian), and sample type (serum vs. plasma). GRADE assessment classified five miRNAs (miR-1, miR-21, miR-221, miR-423-5p, miR-148a) as high-quality evidence. ConclusionsThis meta-analysis identifies a panel of circulating miRNAs with stable expression in HF, with miR-21 and miR-423-5p being the most robust. Evidence grading provides a clear priority list (e.g., miR-21, miR-423-5p) for clinical validation. Subgroup heterogeneity highlights the need for standardized protocols and precision diagnostics in future biomarker development.

pharmacology and toxicology↗