Stromberg, C. | Search bioRxiv

bioRxiv2021

The evolution of open habitats in North America revealed by deep learning models

Open vegetation today constitutes one of the most extensive biomes on earth, including temperate grasslands and tropical savannas. Yet these biomes originated relatively recently in earth history, likely replacing forested habitats as recently as the second half of the Cenozoic, although the timing of their origination and the dynamics of their expansion remain uncertain. Here, we present a new hypothesis of paleovegetation change in North America, showing that open habitats originated between 25 and 20 Ma in the center of the continent, and expanded rapidly starting 8 Ma to eventually become the most prominent vegetation type today. To obtain space-time predictions of paleovegetation, we developed a new Bayesian deep learning model that utilizes available information from fossil evidence, geologic models, and paleoclimate proxies. We compiled a large dataset of paleovegetation reconstructions from the peer-reviewed literature, which we used in combination with current vegetation data to train the model. The model learns to predict vegetation based on the learned associations between the vegetation at a given site and multiple biotic and abiotic predictors: fossil mammal occurrences, plant macrofossils, estimates of temperature and precipitation, latitude, and the effects of spatial and temporal autocorrelation. Our results provide a new, spatially detailed reconstruction of habitat evolution in North America and our deep learning model paves the way for a new quantitative approach to estimating paleovegetation changes.

evolutionary biology↗

bioRxiv2019

Functional diversification enabled grassy biomes to fill global climate space

Global change impacts on the Earth System are typically evaluated using biome classifications based on trees and forests. However, during the Cenozoic, many terrestrial biomes were transformed through the displacement of trees and shrubs by grasses. While grasses comprise 3% of vascular plant species, they are responsible for more than 25% of terrestrial photosynthesis. Critically, grass dominance alters ecosystem dynamics and function by introducing new ecological processes, especially surface fires and grazing. However, the large grassy component of many global biomes is often neglected in their descriptions, thereby ignoring these important ecosystem processes. Furthermore, the functional diversity of grasses in vegetation models is usually reduced to C3 and C4 photosynthetic plant functional types, omitting other relevant traits. Here, we compile available data to determine the global distribution of grassy vegetation and key traits related to grass dominance. Grassy biomes (where > 50% of the ground layer is covered by grasses) occupy almost every part of Earths vegetated climate space, characterising over 40% of the land surface. Major evolutionary lineages of grasses have specialised in different environments, but species from only three grass lineages occupy 88% of the land area of grassy vegetation, segregating along gradients of temperature, rainfall and fire. The environment occupied by each lineage is associated with unique plant trait combinations, including C3 and C4 photosynthesis, maximum plant height, and adaptations to fire and aridity. There is no single global climatic limit where C4 grasses replace C3 grasses. Instead this ecological transition varies biogeographically, with continental disjunctions arising through contrasting evolutionary histories.\n\nSignificance statementWorldviews of vegetation generally focus on trees and forests but grasses characterize the ground layer over 40% of the Earths vegetated land surface. This omission is important because grasses transform surface-atmosphere exchanges, biodiversity and disturbance regimes. We looked beneath the trees to produce the first global map of grass-dominated biomes. Grassy biomes occur in virtually every climate on Earth. However, three lineages of grasses are much more successful than others, characterizing 88% of the land area of grassy biomes. Each of these grass lineages evolved ecological specializations related to aridity, freezing and fire. Recognizing the extent and causes of grass dominance beneath trees is important because grassy vegetation plays vital roles in the dynamics of our biosphere and human wellbeing.

ecology↗