Cellulose biosynthesis inhibition reduces cell cycle activity in a nitrate reductase- and cytokinin-dependent manner
O_LIDuring growth, development and defense, cell wall integrity needs to be coordinated with cell cycle activity. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, coordination is mediated by the cell wall integrity maintenance mechanism. In plants, little is known how coordination is achieved.\nC_LIO_LIHere we investigated coordination between plant cell wall and cell cycle activity in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings by studying the impact of cell wall damage (CWD, caused by cellulose biosynthesis inhibition) on cell cycle gene expression, growth, phytohormone (jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, cytokinins) and lignin accumulation.\nC_LIO_LIWe found root growth and cell cycle gene expression are reduced by CWD in an osmo-sensitive manner. trans-zeatin application suppressed the CWD effect on gene expression. Quantification of cytokinins revealed CWD-induced, osmo-sensitive changes in several cytokinins. Expression of CYTOKININ OXIDASE2/DEHYDROGENASE (CKX2) and CKX3, encoding cytokinin-degrading enzymes, was elevated in CWD-exposed seedlings. Genetic studies implicated NITRATE REDUCTASE1/2 (NIA1/2) in the response to CWD. In nia1/2 seedlings CWD induced neither expression of CKX2/3 and cell cycle genes nor accumulation of jasmonic acid, salicylic acid and lignin.\nC_LIO_LIThis suggests that CWD causes increased CKX2/3 expression through a NIA1/2-mediated process. Increased CKX expression seems to cause changes in cytokinin levels, leading to reduced cell cycle gene expression.\nC_LI