Stracke, C. | Search bioRxiv

bioRxiv2025

Establishment of an efficient one-step enzymatic synthesis of cyclic-2,3-diphosphoglycerate

Extremolytes - unique compatible solutes produced by extremophiles - protect biological structures like membranes, proteins, and DNA under extreme conditions, including extremes of temperature and osmotic stress. These compounds hold significant potential for applications in pharmaceuticals, healthcare, cosmetics, and life sciences. However, despite their promise, only a few extremolytes, such as ectoine and hydroxyectoine, are commercially established, primarily due to the lack of efficient production strategies for other compounds. Cyclic 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (cDPG), a unique metabolite found in certain hyperthermophilic methanogenic Archaea, plays a key role in thermoprotection and is synthesized from 2-phosphoglycerate (2PG) through a two-step enzymatic process involving 2-phosphoglycerate kinase (2PGK) and cyclic-2,3-diphosphoglycerate synthetase (cDPGS). In this study, we present the development of an efficient in vitro enzymatic approach for the production of cDPG directly from 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3DPG), leveraging the activity of the cDPGS from Methanothermus fervidus (MfcDPGS). We optimized the heterologous production of MfcDPGS in Escherichia coli by refining codon usage and expression conditions. The purification process was significantly streamlined through an optimized heat precipitation step, coupled with effective stabilization of MfcDPGS for both usage and storage by incorporating KCl, Mg2+, reducing agents and omission of an affinity tag. The recombinant MfcDPGS showed a Vmax of 38.2 U mg-1, with KM values of 1.52 mM for 2,3DPG and 0.55 mM for ATP. The enzyme efficiently catalyzed the complete conversion of 2,3DPG to cDPG. Remarkably, even at a scale of 100 mM, it achieved full conversion of 37.6 mg of 2,3DPG to cDPG within 180 minutes, using just 0.5 U of recombinant MfcDPGS at 55{degrees}C. These results highlight that MfcDPGS can be easily produced, rapidly purified, and sufficiently stabilized while delivering excellent conversion efficiency for cDPG synthesis as value-added product. Additionally, a kinetic model for MfcDPGS activity was developed, providing a crucial tool to simulate and scale up cDPG production for industrial applications. This streamlined process offers significant advantages for the scalable synthesis of cDPG, paving the way for further biochemical and industrial applications of this extremolyte.

bioengineering↗

bioRxiv2024

The archaeal family 3 polyphosphate kinase reveals a function of polyphosphate as energy buffer under low energy charge

Inorganic polyphosphate, a linear polymer of orthophosphate residues linked by phosphoanhydride bonds, occurs in all three domains of life and plays a diverse and prominent role in metabolism and cellular regulation. While the polyphosphate metabolism and its physiological significance have been well studied in bacteria and eukaryotes including human, there are only few studies in archaea available so far. In Crenarchaeota including members of Sulfolobaceae, the presence of polyphosphate and degradation via exopolyphosphatase has been reported and there is some evidence for a functional role in metal ion chelation, biofilm formation, adhesion and motility, however, the nature of the crenarchaeal polyphosphate kinase is still unknown. Here we used the crenarchaeal model organism Sulfolobus acidocaldarius to study the enzymes involved in polyphosphate synthesis. The two genes annotated as thymidylate kinase (saci_2019 and saci_2020), localized downstream of the exopolyphosphatase, were identified as the missing polyphosphate kinase in S. acidocaldarius (SaPPK3). Thymidylate kinase activity was confirmed for Saci_0893. Notably Saci_2020 showed no polyphosphate kinase activity on its own but served as regulatory subunit (rPPK3) and was able to enhance polyphosphate kinase activity of the catalytically active subunit Saci_2019 (cPPK3). Heteromeric polyphosphate kinase activity is reversible and shows a clear preference for polyP-dependent nucleotide kinase activity, i.e. polyP-dependent formation of ATP from ADP (12.4 U/mg) and to a lower extent of GDP to GTP whereas AMP does not serve as substrate. PPK activity in the direction of ATP-dependent polyP synthesis is rather low (0.25 U/mg); GTP was not used as phosphoryl donor. A combined experimental modelling approach using quantitative 31P NMR allowed to follow the reversible enzyme reaction for both ATP and polyP synthesis. PolyP synthesis was only observed when the ATP/ADP ratio was kept high, using an ATP recycling system. In absence of such a recycling system, all incubations with polyP and PPK would reach an equilibrium state with an ATP/ADP ratio between 3 and 4, independent of the initial conditions. Structural and sequence comparisons as well as phylogenetic analysis reveal that the S. acidocaldarius PPK is a member of a new PPK family, named PPK3, within the thymidylate kinase family of the P-loop kinase superfamily, clearly separated from PPK2. Our studies show that polyP, in addition to its function as phosphate storage, has a special importance for the energy homeostasis of S. acidocaldarius and due to its reversibility serves as energy buffer under low energy charge enabling a quick response to changes in cellular demand.

microbiology↗