Sritharan, S. | Search bioRxiv

bioRxiv2023

Plasmodesmata act as unconventional membrane contact sites regulating inter-cellular molecular exchange in plants

Membrane contact sites (MCS) are fundamental for intracellular communication, but their role in intercellular communication remains unexplored. We show that in plants, plasmodesmata communication bridges function as atypical endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-plasma membrane (PM) tubular MCS, operating at cell-cell interfaces. Similar to other MCS, ER-PM apposition is controlled by a protein-lipid tethering complex, but uniquely, this serves intercellular communication. Combining high-resolution microscopy, molecular dynamics, pharmacological and genetic approaches, we show that cell-cell trafficking is modulated through the combined action of Multiple C2 domains and transmembrane domain proteins (MCTP) 3, 4, and 6 ER-PM tethers, and phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PI4P) lipid. Graded PI4P amounts regulate MCTP docking to the PM, their plasmodesmata localization and cell-cell permeability. SAC7, an ER-localized PI4P-phosphatase, regulates MCTP4 accumulation at plasmodesmata and modulates cell-cell trafficking capacity in a cell-type specific manner. Our findings expand MCSs functions in information transmission, from intracellular to intercellular cellular activities. In briefPlant intercellular communication is regulated via tubular membrane contact through PI4P binding-ER-PM tether MCTP proteins HighlightsO_LIPlasmodesmata are unconventional ER/PM tubular contact sites located at cell-cell interface C_LIO_LIPlasmodesmata operate as control valves, modulating ER-PM contacts to regulate transport C_LIO_LIMCTP3, MCTP4, MCTP6 and PI4P tethering elements act as valve regulators C_LIO_LISAC7 PI4P phosphatase controls plasmodesmata MCS in a cell-type-specific manner C_LI

plant biology↗

bioRxiv2023

Deep Learning-Based Prediction of A. thaliana's MCTP4 Structure and Exploration of Transmembrane Dynamics using Coarse-Grained Molecular Dynamics Simulations

Multiple C2 Domains and Transmembrane region Proteins (MCTPs) in plants have been identified as important functional and structural components of plasmodesmata cytoplasmic bridges, which are vital for cell-cell communication. MCTPs are endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated proteins which contain three to four C2 domains and two transmembrane regions. In this study, we created structural models of Arabidopsis MCTP4 ER-anchor transmembrane region (TMR) domain using several prediction methods based on deep learning (DL). This region, critical for driving ER association, presents a complex domain organization and remains largely unknown. Our study demonstrates that using a single deep-learning method to predict the structure of membrane proteins can be challenging. Our deep learning models presented three different conformations for the MCTP4 structure, provided by different deep learning methods, indicating the potential complexity of the proteins conformational landscape. For the first time, we used simulations to explore the behaviour of the TMR of MCTPs within the lipid bilayer. We found that the TMR of MCTP4 is not rigid, but can adopt various conformations including some not identified by deep learning tools. These findings underscore the complexity of predicting protein structures. We learned that combining different methods, such as deep learning and simulations, enhances our understanding of complex proteins.

bioinformatics↗