Multiplatform Modeling of Atrial Fibrillation Identifies Phospholamban as Central Regulator of Cardiac Rhythm
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common form of sustained cardiac arrhythmia in humans, present in > 33 million people worldwide. Although AF is often developed secondary to cardiovascular diseases, endocrine disorders, or lifestyle factors, recent GWAS studies have identified >200 genetic variants that substantially contribute to AF risk. However, it is currently not known how these genetic predispositions contribute to the initiation and/or maintenance of AF-associated phenotypes. In this context, one major barrier to progress is the lack of experimental systems enabling to rapidly explore the function of large cohort of genes on rhythm parameters in models with human atrial relevance. To address these modeling challenges, we have developed a new multi-model platform enabling 1) high-throughput characterization of the role of AF-associated genes on action potential duration and rhythm parameters at the cellular level, using human iPSC-derived atrial-like cardiomyocytes (ACMs), and at the whole organ level, using the Drosophila heart model, and 2) validation of the physiological relevance of our experimental results using computational models of heterogenous human adult atrial myocytes (HAMs) and tissue. As proof of concept, we screened a cohort of 20 AF-associated genes and identified Phospholamban (PLN) loss of function as a top conserved hit that significantly shortens action potential duration in ACMs, HAMs and fly cardiomyocytes. Remarkably, while PLN knock-down (KD) was not sufficient to induce arrhythmia phenotypes, addition of environmental stressors (i.e fibroblasts, {beta}-adrenergic stimulation) to the model systems, led to the robust generation of irregular beat to beat intervals, delayed after depolarizations, and triggered action potentials, as compared to controls. Finally, to delineate the mechanism underlying PLN KD-dependent arrhythmia, we used a logistic regression approach in HAM populations, and predicted that PLN functionally interacts with both NCX (loss of function) and L-type calcium channels (gain of function) to mediate these arrhythmic phenotypes. Consistent with our predictions, co-KD of PLN and NCX in ACMs and flies, led to increased arrhythmic events, while treatment of ACMs with L-type calcium channel inhibitor, verapamil, reverted these phenotypes. In summary, these results collectively demonstrate that our integrated multi-model system approach was successful in identifying and characterizing conserved roles (i.e regulation of Ca2+ homeostasis) for AF-associated genes and phenotypes, and thus paves the way for the discovery and molecular delineation of new gene regulatory networks controlling atrial rhythm with application to AF.