Bacterial envelope damage inflicted by bioinspired nanospikes grown in a hydrogel
Device-associated infections are one of the deadliest complications accompanying the use of biomaterials, and despite recent advances in the development of anti-biofouling strategies, biomaterials that exhibit both functional tissue restoration and antimicrobial activity have been challenging to achieve. Here, we report the fabrication of bio-inspired bactericidal nanospikes in bacterial cellulose and investigate the mechanism underlying this phenomenon. We demonstrate these structures affects preferentially stiff membranes like those in Gram-positive bacteria, but exhibit cytocompatibility towards mammalian cells, a requisite for tissue restoration. We also reveal the bactericidal activity of the nanospikes is due to a pressure-induced mechanism, which depends on the cells adherence time, nanospikes geometry and spacing, cell shape, and mechanical properties of the cell wall. Our findings provide a better understanding of the mechanobiology of bacterial cells at the interface with nanoscale structures, which is fundamental for the rational design bactericidal topographies.