Antagonism as a foraging strategy in microbial communities
In natural habitats, nutrient availability limits bacterial growth. We discovered that bacteria can overcome this limitation by acquiring nutrients through lysing neighboring cells via contact-dependent antagonism. Using single-cell live imaging and isotopic markers, we found that during starvation the type VI secretion system, which transfers toxins into neighboring cells, increases growth by enabling the uptake of nutrients from lysing cells. In a spatially structured environment, the gradual lysis of just a few target cells allows for the growth of a new antagonist cell. Genomic adaptations in antagonists, characterized by a reduced metabolic gene repertoire, and the prevalence of the type VI secretion system in natural environments, such as global oceans and soils, suggest that bacterial antagonism has the potential to substantially contribute to nutrient transfer within microbial communities across various ecosystems.