Discovery and Predictive Modeling of Urine Microbiome, Metabolite and Cytokine Biomarkers in Hospitalized Patients with Community Acquired Pneumonia
Pneumonia is the leading cause of infectious related death costing 12 billion dollars annually in the United States alone. Despite improvements in clinical care, total mortality remains around 4%, with inpatient mortality reaching 5-10%. For unknown reasons, mortality risk remains high even after hospital discharge and there is a need to identify those patients most at risk. Also of importance, clinical symptoms alone do not distinguish viral from bacterial infection which may delay appropriate treatment and may contribute to short-term and long-term mortality. Biomarkers have the potential to provide point of care diagnosis, identify high-risk patients, and increase our understanding of the biology of disease. However, there have been mixed results on the diagnostic performance of many of the analytes tested to date. Urine represents a largely untapped source for biomarker discovery and is highly accessible. To test this hypothesis, we collected urine from hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and performed a comprehensive screen for urinary tract microbiota signatures, metabolite, and cytokine profiles. CAP patients were diagnosed with influenza or bacterial (S. aureus and S. pneumoniae) etiologies and compared with healthy volunteers. Microbiome signatures showed marked shifts in taxonomic levels in patients with bacterial etiology versus influenza and CAP versus normal. Predictive modeling of 291 microbial and metabolite values achieved a +90% accuracy with LASSO in predicting specific pneumonia etiology. This study demonstrates that urine from patients hospitalized with pneumonia may serve as a reliable and accessible sample to evaluate biomarkers that may diagnose etiology and predict clinical outcomes. Author SummaryUrine has been classically considered sterile since most microorganisms are not readily culturable under healthy circumstances. Further, many pneumonia patients are immediately placed on antibiotics rendering culture-based techniques useless. However, the advent of next generation sequencing has enabled unprecedented analysis of the microbial communities - living or detected as free DNA - found in many niches of the human body. Here, we describe a urine microbiome as well as metabolites and cytokines measured in patients newly admitted to the hospital diagnosed with influenza or bacterial (S. aureus and S. pneumoniae) infection pneumonia, compared with healthy controls. Using these parameters alone, we were able to achieve high success in predicting patient pneumonia. This study provides a proof of concept that urine samples, which are easily accessible in outpatient and inpatient settings, could provide additional diagnostic insights to patient infectious status and future risk factor for complication.