Biology subjects

Simonin, M.

Publications and source records attributed to Simonin, M..

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2026

A Seed-Derived Multi-Kingdom Synthetic Community Enhances Radish Seedling Protection Against Alternaria brassicicola Abra43

Seed-associated microorganisms represent a promising resource for developing microbiome-based strategies against seed-borne pathogens. Here, we assembled synthetic microbial communities (SynComs) from cultivable members of the natural radish seed microbiota and evaluated their capacity to protect seedlings against the seed-transmitted fungal pathogen Alternaria brassicicola Abra43. Seven SynComs representing single- or multi-kingdom combinations of bacteria (B), filamentous fungi (F), and yeasts (Y) (B, F, Y, BF, BY, FY, and BFY) were inoculated onto radish seeds. We assessed their effects on disease incidence, seedling growth, microbial community assembly (ITS1 and gyrB gene metabarcoding) and pathogen colonization (metabarcoding and specific qPCR on dhn1 gene for A. brassicicola Abra43). Protection of radish seedlings against A. brassicicola Abra43 strongly depended on SynCom composition. The yeast fraction alone provided little protection, whereas the bacterial fraction partially reduced symptoms and maintained seedling growth despite substantial pathogen colonization, suggesting increased plant tolerance. SynComs containing filamentous fungi markedly reduced A. brassicicola Abra43 abundance, and the full multi-kingdom BFY SynCom provided the most consistent protection, combining reduced disease incidence, restored seedling growth, and low pathogen relative and absolute abundance. Inoculated strains, Alternaria alternata ABAI001 and Plectosphaerella sp. FL19 were enriched in protective SynComs and displayed antagonistic activity against A. brassicicola Abra43 in vitro. Together, these results show that seed-derived multi-kingdom communities can reshape early plant microbiota and that combining bacterial and fungal strains with complementary ecological functions can improve protection against a seed-borne fungal pathogen.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2026

Identification of Seed Metabolites and Microbiota members associated with Germination and Emergence in Common Bean

Seed quality is a complex trait shaped by morphological, biochemical and microbiological properties that are rarely characterised simultaneously, limiting our ability to identify robust predictive indicators of germination speed and seedling emergence across varieties. Here, we performed a multi-factor characterisation of eight common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) varieties, combining seed morphometrics, untargeted GC-MS metabolomics on three seed organs, and amplicon sequencing of bacterial and fungal communities, to identify indicators of germination speed and emergence percentage. The eight varieties showed substantial variation in both traits, used as physiological seed quality proxies. Seed weight and size variation between varieties were correlated with germination speed. The intravariety variance of seed weight was independently correlated with emergence performance. Metabolome composition differed strongly across seed organs, with variety as the dominant driver. Individual-seed metabolomic profiles in the plumule and cotyledon were associated with germination speed but not emergence, yielding 16 plumule and three cotyledon candidate metabolite markers. Fungal community composition was associated with both germination speed and emergence, while bacterial communities were associated with emergence only. Nine fungal and four bacterial taxa were identified as candidate indicators. Inter-kingdom co-occurrence network analysis revealed that fungi with similar germination speed associations tend to cluster in the same modules, suggesting that community-level modules rather than individual taxa may constitute more robust microbial indicators. These results demonstrate that germination speed and emergence capacity are governed by distinct seed properties, and provide morphological, metabolic and microbial candidate indicators for integration into targeted seed quality assessment frameworks for common bean.

plant biology↗

bioRxiv2026

Seed Microbiota Diversity and Culture Collection of Four Major Crops Covering Different Genotypes and Production Modes

Seed microbiota play a crucial role in plant health and development, yet remain understudied compared to other plant-associated microbial communities. This study aimed to characterize seed microbiota diversity across four major crops (common bean, rapeseed, tomato, and wheat) and establish a comprehensive strain collection of seed-borne microorganisms (bacteria and fungi). We employed a combination of culture-dependent and culture-independent approaches to analyze 68 seed samples representing diverse genotypes and production modes. Our results revealed highly variable seed microbiota, with bacterial colonization ranging from 10 to 100 million bacterial CFUs per gram of seeds, and microbial richness varying from 4 to 351 bacterial and 16 to 138 fungal amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) per sample. Both plant genotype and production mode significantly influenced microbiota composition, with each seed sample produced harboring a distinct microbial assemblage. Interestingly, seeds produced in confined environments exhibited lower bacterial colonization but higher microbial richness compared to field-produced seeds. We observed divergent ecological drivers shaping bacterial and fungal communities. Bacterial assemblages were more host-specific and variable, while fungal communities showed greater stability and a substantial core microbiome shared across plant species. Our culturomics approach yielded a collection of 2,510 bacterial and 837 fungal isolates, representing 10-21% of the seed microbiota diversity detected by metabarcoding and the majority of the prevalent and abundant taxa. Notably, 44-60% of cultured bacterial isolates were not detected by metabarcoding, highlighting the complementary nature of these approaches to detect rare or under amplified taxa in PCR. This study provides insights into the complexity and variability of seed microbiota across different crops and production conditions. Our findings emphasize the importance of combining culturomics and sequencing methods for comprehensive characterization of seed microbiota to uncover the potential of seed-borne microorganisms as bioinoculants for sustainable agriculture.

ecology↗

bioRxiv2026

Bacterial Strain Identity and Community Composition Drive the Seed-to-Seedling Microbiota Assembly

The seed-to-seedling transition is a key step of plant microbiota assembly, where the seed microbiota meets the soil microbiota. Seed germination triggers profound physiological changes, including exudate release and oxidative bursts, which generate selective pressures shaping microbial survival and interactions. Here, we investigated how host selection and community composition influence bacterial colonization during this transition using a Synthetic Community (SynCom) approach on common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) seeds. Specifically, we tested the importance of microbial interactions by applying 30 bacterial SynComs spawning a phylogenetic diversity gradient. Seedling colonization success was primarily determined by strain identity but was strongly modulated by the SynCom context. Strains that were highly effective colonizers when inoculated alone often exhibited reduced transmission within SynComs, indicating that microbial interactions can either inhibit or facilitate colonization. Random forest models confirmed that colonization outcomes could not be predicted from single-strain performance alone. Instead, both phylogenetic relatedness and metabolic similarity among SynCom members emerged as key predictors of strain success, supporting the competition-relatedness hypothesis and highlighting the importance of community-dependent effects in shaping colonization success. Genomic analyses identified microbial traits linked to efficient seedling colonization, notably amino acid transport and metabolism, stress tolerance, ROS detoxification, and biofilm formation, highlighting the strong selective pressures acting during the seed-to-seedling transition. Besides key adaptative traits, our findings underscore the importance of microbial interactions to survive and colonize seedlings, bringing a novel perspective for the successful engineering of seed and seedling microbiota.

ecology↗

bioRxiv2025

Synthetic Community Inoculation on Seeds Revealed its Transient Colonization Capacity but Legacy Effects on Plant Microbiota Assembly

Seed microbiota have the potential to influence the overall plant microbiota assembly. However, to date, studies have mostly focused on early plant development stages. This study aimed to investigate the influence of seed microbiota on plant microbiota assembly throughout an entire life cycle. To achieve this, bacterial synthetic communities (SynComs) were reconstructed and inoculated on common bean seeds to eliminate the natural variability of seed microbiota and provide four different primary inocula for comparison. We then examined bacterial and fungal communities at different developmental stages (seedling, vegetative, flowering, pod-filling, and senescent stages) and in different plant compartments (rhizosphere, root, leaf, seed) of the common bean. SynComs inoculated on seeds significantly contributed to the seedling microbiota, with higher colonization success in the leaves compared to roots and rhizospheres. Strain identity and SynCom composition influenced the strain colonization capacity across the habitats. Also, bacterial SynCom colonization induced composition modification in the seedling root and leaf microbiota. After the seedling stage, SynComs members were not detected in plant compartments but promoted persistent changes in microbial community composition until the next generation of seeds. In conclusion, SynCom inoculated on seeds have a transient colonization that can influence the overall plant microbiota assembly through priority effects.

ecology↗

bioRxiv2025

Contribution of floral transmission to the assembly and health impact of bacterial communities in watermelon seeds

Flower-sourced assembly of seed microbiota remains an understudied ecological process. Here, we investigated the floral transmission pathway for bacterial acquisition by developing seeds of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus). Comparison of stigma- and seed-associated bacterial communities from field-grown C. lanatus revealed significant overlap: up to 40% of the bacterial diversity that was detected in seed was also found on stigmas. In a field pollinator exclusion experiment, honeybee visitation to flower stigmas had no significant effect on bacterial community composition in seeds. Among a collection of bacterial isolates from stigmas and seeds in the field, more than half (57%) were able to transmit to seeds after inoculation onto stigmas under laboratory conditions. Interestingly, for most bacterial strains, fruit set rates increased after floral inoculation, and in some cases even in the absence of transmission to the seed. We also found that bacterial isolates from watermelon stigmas and seeds had variable (i.e. positive or negative) effects on seed germination and seedling emergence. Our findings highlight the contribution of floral transmission to seed microbiota assembly and its consequences for plant fitness.

ecology↗

bioRxiv2024

Unexplored Yeast diversity in Seed Microbiota

Yeasts are known to be fantastic biotechnological resources for medical, food, and industrial applications, but their potential remains untapped in agriculture, especially for plant biostimulation and biocontrol. In particular, yeasts have been reported as part of the core microbiome of seeds using next generation sequencing methods, but their diversity and functional roles remain largely undescribed. Focusing on yeasts and excluding filamentous fungi, this study aimed to characterize the diversity of seed-associated yeasts across nine plant species (crops and non-cultivated species) using culturomics and microscopy. Comparison with available metabarcoding data was performed to assess the representativeness of the strain collection in seed samples. Our results show that seed-associated yeasts largely belong to Basidiomycota phylum and more particularly to the Tremellomycetes class. This yeast collection covers 15 genera (2 of Ascomycota and 13 of Basidiomycota). Out of the 229 isolates described, the most frequently isolated yeasts were Holtermanniella, Vishniacozyma, Filobasidium, Naganishia and Sporobolomyces. The yeasts from these dominant genera were isolated from multiple plant species (4 to 8), except for Naganishia which only originated from Solanum lycopersicum L. These results are also consistent with the fact that these dominant taxa were recently identified as members of the core seed microbiome, indicating their high prevalence and abundance across diverse plant hosts and environments. Compared to previous plant yeast diversity surveys, the members from Ascomycota yeasts are less frequent in seeds and only represented here by the Aureobasidium and Taphrina genera. Altogether, these results suggest that yeasts are generally well-adapted to the aboveground habitats of plants, but seeds represent a specific habitat that diverse Basidiomycota yeasts can colonize. Take away messageO_LI229 yeasts isolated from seeds and seedlings of diverse plant species C_LIO_LIMost isolates are Basidiomycota yeasts, especially of the Tremellomycetes class C_LIO_LIThe most frequently isolated yeasts belong to Holtermanniella, Vishniacozyma, Filobasidium and Sporobolomyces genera C_LIO_LIThe collection is representative of taxa found in seed microbiota of multiple plant species, including core members C_LI

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2024

T6SS-mediated competition by Stenotrophomonas rhizophila shapes seed-borne bacterial communities and seed-to-seedling transmission dynamics

Seeds harbor diverse microbial communities important for plant growth and health. During germination, seed exudation triggers intense microbial competition, shaping the communities transmitted to seedlings. This study explores the role of the bacterial type VI secretion system (T6SS)-mediated interference competition in seed microbiota transmission to seedlings. The analysis of T6SS distribution within 180 genome sequences of seed-borne bacterial strains enabled the construction of synthetic communities (SynCom) with different levels of phylogenetic diversity and T6SS richness. These SynComs were inoculated with Stenotrophomonas rhizophila CFBP13503, a bacterial strain possessing an active T6SS in vitro and in planta. The impact of T6SS on SynCom composition was assessed in vitro by comparing CFBP13503 wild-type strain or its isogenic T6SS-deficient mutant co-inoculation. Additionally, the effects of T6SS on bacterial community dynamics during seed-to-seedling transmission were examined following seed-inoculation. The T6SS of S. rhizophila CFBP13503 targets a broad range of bacteria belonging to 5 different orders. The susceptibility of competing bacteria was partly explained by their phylogenetic proximity and metabolic overlap with CFBP13503. Furthermore, the T6SS modulates the relative abundance of specific bacterial taxa during seed-to-seedling transmission, depending on the initial seed inoculum and plant developmental stage. Depending on the sensitivity of the co-inoculated competitors, the T6SS can provide a competitive advantage to CFBP13503, resulting in an increase in population size. ImportanceThe high prevalence of T6SS in seed-borne bacteria supports the importance of T6SS-mediated competition for seed microbiota assembly. In vitro, S. rhizophila CFBP13503 T6SS exerts a strong impact on bacterial community dynamics. The susceptibility to T6SS increases with the phylogenetic and metabolic proximity of bacteria to CFBP13503, suggesting an influence of interspecies trophic patterns in T6SS-mediated competitions. In planta and in soil, CFBP13503 T6SS influences specific bacterial taxa, leading to shifts in bacterial interactions and distinct community dynamics. T6SS-mediated competition plays a pivotal role in shaping seed bacterial communities and the dynamics of seed-to-seedling transitions.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2024

Stable, multigenerational transmission of the bean seed microbiome despite abiotic stress

Seed microbiomes initiate plant microbiome assembly, but the consequences of environmental conditions of the parent plant for seed microbiome assembly and transmission are unknown. We tracked endophytic seed bacterial communities of common bean lines exposed to drought or excess nutrients, and discovered stable transmission of 22 bacterial members regardless of parental plant treatment. This study provides insights into the maintenance of plant microbiomes across generations, even under challenging environmental stress.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2023

Seedling microbiota engineering using bacterial synthetic community inoculation on seeds

Synthetic Communities (SynComs) are being developed and tested to manipulate plant microbiota and improve plant health. To date, only few studies proposed the use of SynCom on seed despite its potential for plant microbiota engineering. We developed and presented a simple, reproducible and effective seedling microbiota engineering method using SynCom inoculation on seeds. The method was successful using a wide diversity of SynCom compositions and bacterial strains that are representative of the common bean seed microbiota. First, this method enables the modulation of seed microbiota composition and community size. Then, SynComs strongly outcompeted native seed and potting soil microbiota and contributed on average to 80% of the seedling microbiota. We showed that strain abundance on seed was a main driver of an effective seedling microbiota colonization. Also, selection was partly involved in seed and seedling colonization capacities since strains affiliated to Enterobacteriaceae and Erwiniaceae were good colonizers while Bacillaceae and Microbacteriaceae were poor colonizers. Additionally, the engineered seed microbiota modified the recruitment and assembly of seedling and rhizosphere microbiota through priority effects. This study shows that SynCom inoculation on seeds represents a promising approach to study plant microbiota assembly and its consequence on plant fitness.

ecology↗

bioRxiv2023

The Type VI secretion system of Stenotrophomonas rhizophila CFBP13503 limits the transmission of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris 8004 from radish seeds to seedlings

Stenotrophomonas rhizophila CFBP13503 is a seed-borne commensal bacterial strain, which is efficiently transmitted to seedlings and can outcompete the phytopathogenic bacteria Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc8004). The type VI Secretion System (T6SS), an interference contact-dependent mechanism, is a critical component of interbacterial competition. The involvement of the T6SS of S. rhizophila CFBP13503 in the inhibition of Xcc8004 growth and seed-to-seedling transmission was assessed. The T6SS cluster of S. rhizophila CFBP13503 and nine putative effectors were identified. Deletion of two T6SS structural genes, hcp and tssB, abolished the competitive advantage of S. rhizophila against Xcc8004 in vitro. The population sizes of these two bacterial species were monitored in seedlings after inoculation of radish seeds with mixtures of Xcc8004 and either S. rhizophila wild type (wt) strain or isogenic hcp mutant. A significant decrease in the population size of Xcc8004 was observed during confrontation with the S. rhizophila wt in comparison to T6SS- deletion mutants in germinated seeds and seedlings. We found that the T6SS distribution among 835 genomes of the Stenotrophomonas genus is scarce. In contrast, in all available S. rhizophila genomes, T6SS clusters are widespread and mainly belong to the T6SS group i4. In conclusion, the T6SS of S. rhizophila CFBP13503 is involved in the antibiosis against Xcc8004 and reduces seedling transmission of Xcc8004 in radish. The distribution of this T6SS cluster in the S. rhizophila complex could make it possible to exploit these strains as biocontrol agents against X. campestris pv. campestris.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2023

Transmission of synthetic seed bacterial communities to radish seedlings: impact on microbiota assembly and plant phenotype

Seed-borne microorganisms can be pioneer taxa during germination and seedling emergence. Still, the identity and phenotypic effects of these taxa that constitute a primary inoculum of plant microbiota is mostly unknown. Here, we studied the transmission of bacteria from radish seeds to seedlings using the inoculation of individual seed-borne strains and synthetic communities (SynComs) under in vitro conditions. The SynComs were composed of highly abundant and prevalent, sub-dominant or rare bacterial seed taxa. We monitored the transmission of each strain alone or in communities using gyrB gene amplicon sequencing and assessed their impacts on germination and seedling phenotype. All strains and SynComs successfully colonized seedlings and we were able to reconstruct a richness gradient (6, 8 and 12 strains) on both seeds and seedlings. Stenotrophomonas rhizophila became dominant on seedlings of the three SynComs but most strains had variable transmission success (i.e increasing, stable or decreasing during seed to seedling transition) that also depended on the SynCom richness. Most individual strains had no effect on seedling phenotypes, at the exception of Pseudomonas viridiflava and Paenibacillus sp. that had detrimental effects on germination and seedling development. Abnormal seedling morphologies were also observed with SynComs but their proportions decreased at the highest richness level. Interestingly, some bacterial strains previously identified as core taxa of radish seeds (Pseudomonas viridiflava, Erwinia persicina) were associated with detrimental effects on seedling phenotypes either in isolation or in SynComs. These results confirm that the plant core microbiome includes pathogenic and not only commensal or mutualistic taxa. Altogether, these results show that SynCom inoculation can effectively manipulate seed and seedling microbiota diversity and thus represents a promising tool to better understand the early stages of plant microbiota assembly. This study also highlights strong differences between native seed-borne taxa in the colonization and survival on plant habitats.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2022

The impact of the rice production system (irrigated vs lowland) on root-associated microbiome from farmer's fields in western Burkina Faso

As a consequence of its potential applications for food safety, there is a growing interest in rice root-associated microbial communities, but some systems remain understudied. Here, we compare the assemblage of root-associated microbiota in rice sampled in 19 small farmers fields from irrigated and rainfed lowlands in western Burkina Faso, using an amplicon metabarcoding approach 16S (Prokaryotes, three plant sample per field) and ITS (fungi, one sample per field). In addition to the expected structure according to the root compartment (root vs. rhizosphere) and geographical zones, we show that the rice production system is a major driver of microbiome structure, both for prokaryotes and fungi. In irrigated systems, we found a higher diversity of prokaryotic communities from rhizosphere and more complex co-occurrence networks, compared to rainfed lowlands. Core taxa were different between the two systems, and indicator species were identified: mostly within Bacillaceae and Bradyrhizobiaceae families in rainfed lowlands, and within Burkholderiaceae and Moraxellaceae in irrigated areas. Finally, phylotypes assigned to putative phytobeneficial and pathogen species were found. Mycorrhizal fungi Glomeromycetes abundance was higher in rainfed lowlands. Our results highlight deep microbiome differences induced by contrasted rice production systems that should consequently be considered for potential microbial engineering applications.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2021

Seed microbiota revealed by a large-scale meta-analysis including 50 plant species

Seed microbiota constitutes a primary inoculum for plants that is gaining attention due to its role for plant health and productivity. Here, we performed a meta-analysis on 63 seed microbiota studies covering 50 plant species to synthesize knowledge on the diversity of this habitat. Seed microbiota are diverse and extremely variable, with taxa richness varying from one to thousands of taxa. Hence, seed microbiota presents a variable (i.e flexible) microbial fraction but we also identified a stable (i.e. core) fraction across samples. Around 30 bacterial and fungal taxa are present in most plant species and in samples from all over the world. Core taxa, such as Pantoea agglomerans, Pseudomonas viridiflava, P. fluorescens, Cladosporium perangustum and Alternaria sp., are dominant seed taxa. The characterization of the core and flexible seed microbiota provided here will help uncover seed microbiota roles for plant health and design effective microbiome engineering.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2021

Single seed microbiota: assembly and transmission from parent plant to seedling

Gaining basic understanding of processes involved in seed microbiota assembly is a prerequisite for improving crop establishment. Investigation of microbiota structure during seed development revealed that individual seeds of bean and radish were associated with a dominant bacterial taxon representing more than 75% of all reads. The identity of this taxon was highly variable between plants and within seeds of the same plant. Succession of dominant taxa occurred during seed filling and maturation through Selection. In a second step, we evaluated seed to seedling transmission of these dominant seed-borne taxa. We showed that initial bacterial abundance on seeds was not a good predictor of seedling transmission and that the identity of seed-borne taxa can impact seedling phenotype. Altogether this work unveiled that seeds are colonized by few bacterial taxa of highly variable identity, which appears to be important for the early stages of plant development.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2021

Predation by protists influences the temperature response of microbial communities

Temperature strongly influences microbial community structure and function, which in turn contributes to the global carbon cycle that can fuel further warming. Recent studies suggest that biotic interactions amongst microbes may play an important role in determining the temperature responses of these communities. However, how microbial predation regulates these communities under future climates is still poorly understood. Here we assess whether predation by one of the most important bacterial consumers globally - protists - influences the temperature response of a freshwater microbial community structure and function. To do so, we exposed these microbial communities to two cosmopolitan species of protists at two different temperatures, in a month-long microcosm experiment. While microbial biomass and respiration increased with temperature due to shifts in microbial community structure, these responses changed over time and in the presence of protist predators. Protists influenced microbial biomass and function through effects on community structure, and predation actually reduced microbial respiration rate at elevated temperature. Indicator species and threshold indicator taxa analyses showed that these predation effects were mostly determined by phylum-specific bacterial responses to protist density and cell size. Our study supports previous findings that temperature is an important driver of microbial communities, but also demonstrates that predation can mediate these responses to warming, with important consequences for the global carbon cycle and future warming.

ecology↗

bioRxiv2020

Asymmetric outcome of community coalescence of seed and soil microbiota during early seedling growth

Seed microbial community constitutes a primary inoculum for plant microbiota assembly. Still, the persistence of seed microbiota when seeds encounter soil during plant emergence and early growth is barely documented. Here, we characterized the interchange event or coalescence of seed and soil microbiota and how it structured seedling bacterial and fungal communities. We performed eight contrasted coalescence events to identify drivers influencing seedling microbiota assembly: four seed lots of two Brassica napus genotypes were sown in two soils of contrasted diversity. We found that seedling root and stem microbiota were influenced by soil diversity but not by initial seed microbiota composition. A strong selection on the two-source communities occurred during microbiota assembly, with only 8-32% of soil taxa and 0.8-1.4% of seed-borne taxa colonizing seedlings. The recruitment of seedling microbiota came mainly from soil (35-72% of diversity) and not from seeds (0.3-15%). The outcome of seed and soil microbiota coalescence is therefore strongly asymmetrical with a dominance of soil taxa. Interestingly, seedling microbiota was primarily composed of initially rare taxa (from seed, soil or unknown origin) and sub-dominant soil taxa. Our results suggest that plant microbiome engineering success based on native seed or soil microbiota will rely on rare and sub-dominant taxa in source communities.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2019

Influence of plant genotype and soil on the wheat rhizosphere microbiome: identification of a core microbiome across eight African and European soils

Here, we assessed the relative influence of wheat genotype, agricultural practices (conventional vs organic) and soil type on the rhizosphere microbiome. We characterized the prokaryotic (archaea, bacteria) and eukaryotic (fungi, protists) communities in soils from four different countries (Cameroon, France, Italy, Senegal) and determined if a rhizosphere core microbiome existed across these different countries. The wheat genotype had a limited effect on the rhizosphere microbiome (2% of variance) as the majority of the microbial taxa were consistently associated to multiple wheat genotypes grown in the same soil. Large differences in taxa richness and in community structure were observed between the eight soils studied (57% variance) and the two agricultural practices (10% variance). Despite these differences between soils, we observed that 179 taxa (2 archaea, 104 bacteria, 41 fungi, 32 protists) were consistently detected in the rhizosphere, constituting a core microbiome. In addition to being prevalent, these core taxa were highly abundant and collectively represented 50% of the reads in our dataset. Based on these results, we identify a list of key taxa as future targets of culturomics, metagenomics and wheat synthetic microbiomes. Additionally, we show that protists are an integral part of the wheat holobiont that is currently overlooked. Graphical Abstract O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=126 SRC="FIGDIR/small/777383v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1"> View larger version (40K): org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@dd56a6org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@163b5f7org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@13f6bd7org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@c10d9d_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP M_FIG C_FIG

ecology↗