Biology subjects

Shue, B.

Publications and source records attributed to Shue, B..

4 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2026

The paraspeckle protein NONO potentiates the antiviral innate immune response through chromatin regulation

Type-I interferons (IFN-I) and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) are central to antiviral defense, while dysregulation can drive autoimmunity. IFNB1 expression is controlled by a highly ordered multiprotein complex composed of IRF3/7, NF{kappa}B, and ATF2/c-Jun (AP-1) that recruit coactivators and chromatin-remodeling proteins to expose the IFNB1 promoter for the RNA polymerase II (RNA Pol II) transcriptional machinery. Here, we identified the paraspeckle protein non-POU domain-containing octamer-binding protein (NONO) as a critical facilitator of innate immune activation. Loss of NONO enhanced replication of multiple orthoflaviviruses including West Nile virus due to impaired induction of IFN-I and ISGs. NONO did not affect upstream signaling but instead promoted chromatin accessibility and promoter access for RNA Pol II to drive expression of IFNB1, ISGs, and proinflammatory cytokines. These findings position NONO as a key regulator of antiviral gene expression and reveal chromatin-levels of control that determine effective antiviral immunity.

immunology↗

bioRxiv2026

Restraint of Powassan virus replication by TRIM5α facilitates viral avoidance of antiviral immunity

TRIpartite Motif (TRIM) protein 5 alpha (TRIM5) is a well characterized cellular inhibitor of lentivirus replication that limits transmission of related viruses between primates. We previously reported that TRIM5 derived from humans and rhesus macaques inhibits replication of orthoflaviviruses belonging to the tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) serocomplex, including TBEV, Kyasanur forest disease virus and Langat virus (LGTV), but interestingly not the tick-borne Powassan virus (POWV). To further characterize the primate TRIM5 and orthoflavivirus interface, we screened TRIM5 variants from representative old- and new-world primates for restriction capacity. TRIM5 from old-world African green monkey, De Brazzas monkey and chimpanzee demonstrated virus-specific restriction of tick-borne orthoflaviviruses. Efforts to determine why TRIM5 fails to inhibit POWV revealed that our lab stock had acquired a non-synonymous mutation in NS3 that, when introduced into a POWV molecular clone, facilitated virus replication in the presence of all inhibitory primate TRIM5 proteins. Infection of human dendritic cells with TRIM5-resistant POWV resulted in high early replication and strong induction of interferon responses that limited replication compared with the wild-type virus. Thus, primate TRIM5 functions as a potent cellular barrier to infection with tick-borne orthoflaviviruses that restrains replication to a level that may help avoid early innate immune recognition.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2024

Mitochondrial Hyperactivity and Reactive Oxygen Species Drive Innate Immunity to the Yellow Fever Virus-17D Live-Attenuated Vaccine

The yellow fever virus 17D (YFV-17D) live attenuated vaccine is considered one of the successful vaccines ever generated associated with high antiviral immunity, yet the signaling mechanisms that drive the response in infected cells are not understood. Here, we provide a molecular understanding of how metabolic stress and innate immune responses are linked to drive type I IFN expression in response to YFV-17D infection. Comparison of YFV-17D replication with its parental virus, YFV-Asibi, and a related dengue virus revealed that IFN expression requires RIG-I-like Receptor signaling through MAVS, as expected. However, YFV-17D uniquely induces mitochondrial respiration and major metabolic perturbations, including hyperactivation of electron transport to fuel ATP synthase. Mitochondrial hyperactivity generates reactive oxygen species (mROS) and peroxynitrite, blocking of which abrogated IFN expression in non-immune cells without reducing YFV-17D replication. Scavenging ROS in YFV-17D-infected human dendritic cells increased cell viability yet globally prevented expression of IFN signaling pathways. Thus, adaptation of YFV-17D for high growth uniquely imparts mitochondrial hyperactivity generating mROS and peroxynitrite as the critical messengers that convert a blunted IFN response into maximal activation of innate immunity essential for vaccine effectiveness.

immunology↗

bioRxiv2022

Constitutive expression and distinct properties of IFN-epsilon protect the female reproductive tract from Zika virus infection

The immunological surveillance factors controlling vulnerability of the female reproductive tract (FRT) to sexually transmitted viral infections are not well understood. Interferon-epsilon (IFN{varepsilon}) is a distinct, immunoregulatory type-I IFN that is constitutively expressed by FRT epithelium and is not induced by pathogens like other antiviral IFNs , {beta} and {lambda}. We show the necessity of IFN{varepsilon} for Zika Virus (ZIKV) protection by: increased susceptibility of IFN{varepsilon}-/- mice; their "rescue" by intravaginal recombinant IFN{varepsilon} treatment and blockade of protective endogenous IFN{varepsilon} by neutralising antibody. Complementary studies in human FRT cell lines showed IFN{varepsilon} had potent anti-ZIKV activity, associated with transcriptome responses similar to IFN{lambda} but lacking the proinflammatory gene signature of IFN. IFN{varepsilon} activated STAT1/2 pathways similar to IFN and {lambda} that were inhibited by ZIKV-encoded non-structural (NS) proteins, but not if IFN{varepsilon} exposure preceded infection. This scenario is provided by the constitutive expression of endogenous IFN{varepsilon}. However, the IFN{varepsilon} expression was not inhibited by ZIKV NS proteins despite their ability to antagonise the expression of IFN{beta} or {lambda}. Thus, the constitutive expression of IFN{varepsilon} provides cellular resistance to viral strategies of antagonism and maximises the antiviral activity of the FRT. These results show that the unique spatiotemporal properties of IFN{varepsilon} provides an innate immune surveillance network in the FRT that is a significant barrier to viral infection with important implications for prevention and therapy. Author SummaryThe female reproductive tract (FRT) is vulnerable to sexually transmitted infections and therefore a well-tuned immune surveillance system is crucial for maintaining a healthy FRT. However, our understanding of the factors that impact viral infection of the FRT and the host response are not well understood. In this work we investigate the role of a hormonally regulated type I interferon, IFN epsilon (IFN{varepsilon}) in control of Zika virus (ZIKV) infection of the FRT. IFN{varepsilon} is unique compared to other canonical type-I IFNs in that it is constitutively expressed by epithelial cells of the FRT with expression levels controlled by progesterone and not in response to viral infection. We demonstrate that IFN{varepsilon} has anti-ZIKV properties using a combination of IFN{varepsilon} KO mice, blockade of endogenous IFN{varepsilon} by neutralising Abs and rescue of IFN{varepsilon} KO mice by recombinant IFN{varepsilon} administered directly to the FRT. Furthermore, we complemented our in vivo studies using human FRT derived cell lines. Importantly, ZIKV NS proteins did not block IFN{varepsilon} expression despite their ability to antagonise the expression of IFN{beta} or {lambda}. Collectively this work implicates IFN{varepsilon} as a key type-I IFN that provides a distinct homeostatic antiviral environment in the FRT.

immunology↗