Biology subjects

Selinger, J. C.

Publications and source records attributed to Selinger, J. C..

3 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2020

ENERGY OPTIMIZATION DURING WALKING CAN BE A PRIMARILY IMPLICIT PROCESS

Gait adaptations, in response to novel environments, devices or changes to the body, can be driven by the continuous optimization of energy expenditure. However, whether energy optimization is primarily an implicit process--occurring automatically and with minimal cognitive attention--or an explicit process--occurring as a result of a conscious, attention-demanding, strategy--remains unclear. Here, we use a dual-task paradigm to test whether energy optimization during walking is primarily an implicit or explicit process. To create our primary energy optimization task, we used lower-limb exoskeletons to shift peoples energetically optimal step frequency to frequencies lower than normally preferred. Our secondary task, designed to draw explicit attention from the optimization task, was an auditory tone discrimination task. We found that adding this secondary task did not disrupt energy optimization during walking; participants in our dual-task experiment adapted their step frequency toward the optima by an amount similar to participants in our previous single-task experiment. We also found that performance on the tone discrimination task did not worsen when participants were optimizing for energetic cost; accuracy scores and reaction times remained unchanged when the exoskeleton altered the energy optimal gaits. Survey responses suggest that dual-task participants were largely unaware of the changes they made to their gait to optimize energy, whereas single-task participants were more aware of their gait changes yet did not leverage this explicit awareness to improve gait optimization. Collectively, our results suggest that energy optimization is primarily an implicit process, allowing attentional resources to be directed toward other cognitive and motor objectives during walking. Summary statementPeople can adapt to energy optimal walking patterns without being consciously aware they are doing so. This allows people to discover energetically efficient gaits while preserving attentional resources for other tasks.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2020

Increasing the gradient of energetic cost does not initiate adaptation in human walking

When in a new situation, the nervous system may benefit from adapting its control policy. In determining whether or not to initiate this adaptation, the nervous system may rely on some features of the new situation. Here we tested whether one such feature is salient cost savings. We changed cost saliency by manipulating the gradient of participants energetic cost landscape during walking. We hypothesized that steeper gradients would cause participants to spontaneously adapt their step frequency to lower costs. To manipulate the gradient, a mechatronic system applied controlled fore-aft forces to the waist of participants as a function of their step frequency as they walked on a treadmill. These forces increased the energetic cost of walking at high step frequencies and reduced it at low step frequencies. We successfully created three cost landscapes of increasing gradients, where the natural variability in participants step frequency provided cost changes of 3.6% (shallow), 7.2% (intermediate) and 10.2% (steep). Participants did not spontaneously initiate adaptation in response to any of the gradients. Using metronome-guided walking-- a previously established protocol for eliciting initiation of adaptation--participants next experienced a step frequency with a lower cost. Participants then adapted by -1.41{+/-}0.81 (p=0.007) normalized units away from their originally preferred step frequency obtaining cost savings of 4.80{+/-}3.12%. That participants would adapt under some conditions, but not in response to steeper cost gradients, suggests that the nervous system does not solely rely on the gradient of energetic cost to initiate adaptation in novel situations.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2018

Energy Optimization is a Major Objective in the Real-Time Control of Step Width in Human Walking

People prefer to move in energetically optimal ways during walking. We have recently found that this preference arises not just through evolution and development, but that the nervous system will continuously optimize step frequency in response to new energetic cost landscapes. Here we test whether energy optimization is also a major objective in the nervous system s real-time control of step width. To accomplish this, we use a device that can reshape the relationship between step width and energetic cost, shifting the energy optimal width wider than that initially preferred. We find that the nervous system doesn t spontaneously initiate energy optimization, but instead requires experience with a lower energetic cost step width. After initiating optimization, people converge towards their new energy optimal width within hundreds of steps and update this as their new preferred width, rapidly returning to it when perturbed away. However, energy optimization was incomplete as this new preferred width was slightly narrower than the energetically optimal width. This suggests that the nervous system may determine its preferred width by optimizing energy simultaneously with other objectives such as stability or maneuverability. Collectively, these findings indicate that the nervous systems of able-bodied people continuously optimize energetic cost to determine preferred step width.

neuroscience↗