Biology subjects

Schulte, M.

Publications and source records attributed to Schulte, M..

5 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2024

Fast and robust objective EEG audiometry

The current gold standard of audiometry relies on subjective behavioral responses, which is impractical and unreliable for certain groups such as children, individuals with severe disabilities, or the disabled elderly. This study presents a novel electroencephalography (EEG) system that is easy to setup and estimates audiometric thresholds quickly. Air-conduction audiometric thresholds at 250, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000, and 8000 Hz and 5 dB resolution were estimated from ten elderly patients with asymmetric sensorineural hearing loss and five normal hearing young adults using three different systems: the novel EEG system, conventional pure-tone audiometry (PTA), and an automated behavioral test with the same stimulus properties as in the EEG test. EEG data was collected for 15 minutes from 32 semi-dry EEG electrodes. Later, the EEG system was trimmed to 8 electrodes and 7.5 minutes of data with satisfactory results. Correlation and regression analysis validated the hearing thresholds derived from both EEG configurations relative to the behavioral hearing thresholds-Pearsons correlation of 0.82 between PTA and 8-electrode 7.5-minute EEG data. The results of this study open the door to fast and objective hearing threshold estimation with EEG.

neuroscience↗

bioRxiv2022

Single molecule analyses of Salmonella translocated effector proteins reveal targeting to and dynamics in host cell endomembranes

Bacterial pathogens deliver proteins in temporal and spatial coordinated manner to manipulate mammalian host cells. The facultative intracellular pathogen Salmonella enterica remodels the host endosomal system for survival and proliferation inside host cells. The pathogen resides in a membrane-bound compartment termed Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV). By Salmonella- induced fusions of host endomembranes, the SCV is connected with extensive tubular structures termed Salmonella-induced filaments (SIF). The intracellular lifestyle of Salmonella critically depends on effector molecules translocated by the SPI2-encoded type III secretion system (SPI2-T3SS) into host cells. A subset of these effectors is associated with, or integral in SCV and SIF membranes. It remained to be determined how SPI2-T3SS effectors reach their subcellular destination, and how these effectors interact with endomembranes remodeled by Salmonella. We deployed self-labeling enzyme (SLE) tags as novel approach to label translocated effector proteins in living host cells, and analyzed their dynamics on single molecule level. We found that SPI2-T3SS effector proteins diffuse in membranes of SIF with mobility comparable to membrane-integral host proteins in endomembranes. Dynamics differed between various effector proteins investigated and was dependent on membrane architecture of SIF. In the early infection, we observed host endosomal vesicles associated with Salmonella effector proteins. Effector-positive vesicles continuously fused with SCV and SIF membranes, providing a route of effector delivery by SPI2-T3SS translocation, interaction with endosomal vesicles, and ultimately fusion with the continuum of SCV/SIF membranes. This novel mechanism controls membrane deformation and vesicular fusion to generate the specific intracellular niche for bacterial survival and proliferation.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2020

The protected physiological status of intracellular Salmonella enterica persisters reduces host cell-imposed stress

Today, we are faced with increasingly occurring bacterial infections that are hard to treat and often tend to relapse. These recurrent infections can occur possibly due to antibiotic-tolerant persister cells. Antibiotic persistent bacteria represent a small part of a bacterial population that enters a non-replicating (NR) state arising from phenotypic switching. Intracellularly, after uptake by phagocytic cells, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (STM) forms persister cells that are able to subvert immune defenses of the host. However, the clear physiological state and perceptual properties are still poorly understood and many questions remain unanswered. Here we describe further development of fluorescent protein-based reporter plasmids that were used to detect intracellular NR persister cells and monitor the expression of stress response genes via extensive flow cytometric analyses. Moreover, we performed extensive measurements of the metabolic properties of NR STM at the early course of infection. Our studies demonstrate that NR STM persister cells perceive their environment and are capable respond to stress factors. Since persisters showed a lower stress response compared to replicating (R) STM, which was not a consequence of a lower metabolic capacity, the persistent status of STM serves as protective niche. Furthermore, up to 95% of NR STM were metabolically active at the beginning of infection additionally showing no difference in the metabolic capacity compared to R STM. The accessory capability of NR STM persisters to sense and to react to stress with constant metabolic activity may supports the pathogen to create a more permissive environment for recurrent infections.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2020

Exposure to stressors and antimicrobials induces cell-autonomous ultrastructural heterogeneity of an intracellular bacterial pathogen

Despite being clonal, bacterial pathogens show a remarkable physiological heterogeneity during infection of host and within host cells. This diversity is reflected by distinct ultrastructural morphotypes in transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Gram-negative bacteria visualized at high resolution by TEM show a rather simple composition of cytoplasm with a centrally located nucleoid and large number of ribosomes. The cytoplasm is separated from the external environment by inner and outer membranes. In this study, we show that individual cells of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (STM) are ultrastructural divergent in standard culture conditions, as well as during their intracellular lifestyle in mammalian host cells. STM can basically be discriminated into two morphotypes based on the criterion of cytoplasmic density. We identified environmental conditions which affect cytoplasmic densities. Using chemical treatments and defined mutant strains, we were able to link the occurrence of an electron-dense type to oxidative stress and other noxes. Furthermore, ultrastructural analyses of STM during infection and fluorescence reporter analyses for cell viability were combined in a correlative light and electron microscopy approach. We provide evidence that two newly characterized ultrastructural types with lucent or dense cytoplasm represent viable cells. Moreover, the presence of electron-dense types is stress related and can be experimentally induced only when amino acids are available in the environment. This study sheds more light on diversities between individual bacteria in populations and possible physiological meanings like a stress response to explain the diversities discussed. ImportanceBacterial pathogens show a remarkable resilience to adverse conditions during infection. Although being genetically identical, a clonal population may contain dead, dormant, slowly as well as rapidly proliferating cells. The physiological state of individual cells in a population may be analyzed by fluorescent probes or reporters. In contrast, reliable markers to interrogate single cells regarding viability, response to environmental cues, and exposure to antimicrobial compounds are sparse for ultrastructural approaches. For intracellular Salmonella enterica we observed distinct ultrastructural morphotypes. Using defined experimental conditions, these morphotypes were linked to reactions of bacteria to stressors or antimicrobials. The parameters defined here provide criteria for the interpretation of bacterial heterogeneity on the ultrastructural level.

microbiology↗

bioRxiv2020

Fluorescent protein-based reporters reveal stress response of intracellular Salmonella enterica on single cell level

Intracellular bacteria such as Salmonella enterica are confronted with a broad array of defense mechanisms of their mammalian host cells. The ability to sense host cell-imposed damages, and to mount efficient stress responses are crucial for survival and proliferation of intracellular pathogens. The various combinations of host defense mechanisms acting on intracellular bacteria and their individual response also explain the occurrence of distinct subpopulations of intracellular S. enterica such as dormant or persisting, slowly or rapidly replicating cells. Here we describe a set of fluorescence protein (FP)-based reporter strains that were used to monitor the expression of cytoplasmic or periplasmic stress response systems on a single cell level. This is mediated by a fast maturing FP as reporter for induction of stress response genes. We evaluated slower maturing FPs for a second function, i.e. the analyses of the status of intracellular proliferation of pathogens. The combination of two FPs allows, on a single cell level, the interrogation of stress response and intracellular proliferation. Application of these reporters to S. enterica allowed us to detect and quantify distinct intracellular subpopulations with different levels of stress response and proliferation. ImportanceSensing of, and responding to host-mediated damages are important defensive virulence traits of bacterial pathogens. Intracellular pathogens such as Salmonella enterica are exposed to various types of antimicrobial host cell defenses that impose, among other, periplasmic and cytosolic stresses. Intracellular S. enterica form distinct subpopulations that differ in proliferation rate, metabolic activity and persister formation. Here we deploy fluorescence protein-based reporter strains to monitor, on a single cell level, the response of intracellular S. enterica to periplasmic or cytoplasmic stress. A second fluorescent protein reports the biosynthetic capacity of individual intracellular S. enterica. The dual fluorescence reporters can be deployed to characterize by flow cytometry phenotypically diverse subpopulations and stress responses in intracellular bacteria.

microbiology↗