Biology subjects

Schnelle, K.

Publications and source records attributed to Schnelle, K..

5 recordsLinked to original sources

bioRxiv2026

Cholesterol transport cycle of human ABCA2

Cholesterol is a key component of cellular membranes and is critical for brain function, particularly axon myelination. Among the 48 human ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, ABCA2 exhibits the highest expression in the brain and is involved in cholesterol metabolism, primarily in oligodendrocytes. Notably, ABCA2 has been associated with myelin sheath integrity and maintenance, as well as Alzheimer's disease. Here, we report cryo-EM structures of human ABCA2 that reveal critical endogenous lipid-binding sites unique to ABCA2. Our five distinct conformations include a previously uncharacterized intermediate between the closed and apo states of ABCA subfamily transporters. Most importantly, we elucidated the cholesterol transport mechanism of ABCA2, which involves novel interdependent rotations of the exocytoplasmic domains (ECDs) and regulatory domains (RDs). Our structural findings provide a new perspective on ABCA transporter function and highlight the role of ABCA2 in facilitating efficient cholesterol recycling and transport in the brain.

molecular biology↗

bioRxiv2026

A dual sensor regulates P-glycoproteins structural plasticity

P-glycoprotein is an efflux pump with an exceptionally broad substrate profile which drives its profound clinical impact. Despite its biological importance, it remains obscure how P-glycoprotein achieves its polyspecificity and how substrate binding and the lipid environment stimulate its activity. Structural data highlight the importance of transmembrane helices 4 and 10, which surround the binding pocket, and identify them as key players in substrate recognition. Here, we used cryo-EM to study P-glycoprotein in detergent and nanodiscs to strategically leverage environment- and substrate-dependent phenotypes. This approach allowed us to decipher unexpected and distinct roles of transmembrane helices 4 and 10, which structurally explain differences in ATPase activity. Our data highlights helix 4 as an environment sensor and helix 10 as the key player in substrate recognition constituting a dual regulation mechanism for the functional plasticity of P-glycoprotein, and visualizes the intricate interplay between a membrane protein and its environment.

molecular biology↗

bioRxiv2024

The ABC transporter MsbA in a dozen environments

High-resolution structure determination of membrane proteins typically requires isolation from the native lipid bilayer and reconstitution into artificial membrane mimics. For this purpose, numerous detergents, amphipols, polymers and membrane scaffold proteins are available. The choice of the specific membrane substitute can strongly affect the proteins specific activity, stability and conformational spectrum, potentially leading to errors or misinterpretation during analysis. The bacterial ATP-binding cassette transporter MsbA is a prominent example of such environment-specific bias, resulting in apparent conformational and activity responses. Here, we present a systematic analysis of the conformational spectrum of MsbA, stabilized in a dozen environments, using cryo-EM. Our data show pronounced structural feedback of the ABC transporter to the respective membrane mimetics. Detergents generally favour a conformation with wide separation of the nucleotide-binding domains, while nanodiscs induce the narrow conformation. Notably, only three of the dozen tested environments allow MsbA to sample the functional conformational spectrum, enabling full movement of the nucleotide-binding domains between narrow and wide inward-facing conformations. We expect this study to serve as a blueprint for other membrane proteins, even where the structural reaction to the hydrophobic environment is not directly visible but still critical for the proteins function.

molecular biology↗

bioRxiv2023

Cryo-EM structure of cell-free synthesized human histamine H2 receptor coupled to heterotrimeric Gs protein in lipid nanodisc environment

Here we describe the cryo-electron microscopy structure of the human histamine 2 receptor (H2R) in an active conformation with bound histamine and in complex with Gs heterotrimeric protein at an overall resolution of 3.4 [A]. The complex was generated by cotranslational insertion into preformed nanodisc membranes using cell-free synthesis in E. coli lysates. It is the first structure obtained by this detergent-free strategy and the first GPCR/Gs complex structure in lipid environment. Structural comparison with the inactive conformation of H2R and the inactive and Gq-coupled active state of H1R together with structure-guided functional experiments reveal molecular insights into the specificity of ligand binding and G protein coupling for this receptor family. We demonstrate lipid-modulated folding of cell-free synthesized H2R, its agonist-dependent internalization and its interaction with endogenously synthesized H1R and H2R in HEK293 cells by applying a recently developed nanotransfer technique.

molecular biology↗

bioRxiv2022

Structure of the lysosomal membrane fusion machinery

Lysosomes are of central importance in cellular recycling, nutrient signaling 1,2 and endocytosis, and are tightly connected to autophagy 3 and the invasion of pathogenic bacteria and viruses 1,4. Lysosomal fusion events are fundamental to cell survival and require HOPS, a conserved heterohexameric tethering complex 5,6. HOPS recognizes and binds small membrane-associated GTPases on lysosomes and organelles, and assembles membrane bound SNAREs for fusion 7,8. Through tethering, HOPS brings membranes in close proximity to each other and significantly increases fusion efficacy by catalysing SNARE assembly. Consequently, different HOPS mutations are causative for severe diseases 6. Despite its fundamental cellular duties, it remained speculative how HOPS fulfils its function as high-resolution structural data were unavailable. Here, we used cryo-electron microscopy to reveal the structure of HOPS. In the complex, two central subunits form the backbone and an assembly hub for the functional domains. Two GTPase binding units extend to opposing ends, while the SNARE binding module points to the side, resulting in a triangular shape of the complex. Unlike previously reported, HOPS is surprisingly rigid and extensive flexibility is confined to its extremities. We show that HOPS complex variants with mutations proximal to the backbone can still tether membranes but fail to efficiently promote fusion indicating, that the observed integrity of HOPS is essential to its function. In our model, the core of HOPS acts as a counter bearing between the flexible GTPase binding domains. This positions the SNARE binding module exactly between the GTPase anchored membranes to promote fusion. Our structural and functional analysis reveals the link between the spectacular architecture of HOPS and its mechanism that couples membrane tethering and SNARE assembly, to catalyse lysosomal fusion.

biophysics↗