SbmA coordinates iron homeostasis and antimicrobial susceptibility in Klebsiella pneumoniae through phosphorylation-dependent regulation
Iron is an essential nutrient that underpins fundamental biological processes, yet its bioavailability is severely restricted during infection due to oxidation and host-mediated sequestration. In Gram-negative pathogens, such as Klebsiella pneumoniae, iron limitation imposes a critical selective pressure, necessitating tightly regulated acquisition systems to support growth, virulence, and survival. While canonical pathways for iron uptake are well characterized, regulatory mechanisms coordinating these processes remain incompletely understood. Here, we applied mass spectrometry-based phosphoproteomics to identify iron-responsive regulatory events associated with bacterial iron homeostasis. This approach revealed iron-dependent phosphorylation of SbmA, a conserved inner membrane transporter previously implicated in the uptake of antimicrobial peptides and related substrates. Functional characterization demonstrated that deletion of sbmA results in reduced intracellular iron levels and altered cellular morphology, supporting a role in iron acquisition. Complementary proteome mapping of {Delta}sbmA revealed compensatory production of siderophore receptors and TonB-dependent transport systems, further implicating SbmA in maintaining iron balance. Leveraging these findings, integration with high-throughput drug screening identified a compound that exploits SbmA-mediated transport to inhibit bacterial growth, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic entry point. Collectively, this work uncovers a previously unrecognized role for SbmA in iron homeostasis and demonstrates the power of phosphoproteomics to identify condition-specific regulators of essential bacterial pathways. These findings position SbmA as a promising target for antimicrobial development in K. pneumoniae.