Gain of Function Cytolysin Variant Expressed by Clinically Isolated Urinary Enterococcus faecalis
Cytolysin is a toxin-bacteriocin commonly encoded by Enterococcus faecalis that can target erythrocytes, neutrophils, and macrophages as well as other Gram-positive bacteria. Cytolysin can lyse human, horse, rabbit, and mouse erythrocytes, but not sheep erythrocytes (SEs). It is hypothesized that SEs are resistant to cytolysin because they lack phosphatidylcholine (PC) in their membranes, while susceptible erythrocytes have PC-rich membranes, suggesting PC as a cytolysin binding target. Here, we isolated a urinary E. faecalis strain C33 that can efficiently lyse SEs and found that this activity was conserved among several E. faecalis clinical isolates. We demonstrated that although C33 cytolysin was necessary for SE lysis, it was not sufficient, suggesting a secondary factor enhances cytolysin activity against SEs. Through liposome assays we found that while PC was required for the activity of DS16 cytolysin, PC was dispensable for C33 cytolysin activity. To assess the biological significance of C33 cytolysin in the bladder microenvironment, we assessed C33 cytolysin activity against bladder epithelial cells and the urinary microbiota. We found that C33 cytolysin was more cytotoxic to human bladder epithelial cells than the canonical DS16 cytolysin. We also found greater inhibition of co-isolated urinary microbiota species Streptococcus parasanguinis, Enterococcus raffinosus, Staphylococcus capitis, and Corynebacterium coyleae by C33 cytolysin. Interestingly, E. faecalis C33 also inhibited the protective urogenital taxa Lactobacillus crispatus and Bifidobacterium longum. Together, these results reveal a new PC-independent cytolysin activity among clinical E. faecalis isolates that may support survival and competition in the urinary microenvironment.