Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of an influenza virus-like particle-based SARS-CoV-2 hybrid vaccine candidate in rhesus macaques
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and influenza virus co-infections present a heightened COVID-19 disease and hospitalization cases. Here, we studied the immunogenicity and efficacy of an influenza-A/PR8 virus-like particle (FluVLP)-based hybrid vaccine candidate displaying GPI-anchored SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain fused to GM-CSF and GPI-anchored interleukin-12 (FluVLP-RBD) in rhesus macaques. Animals (n=4/group) received two doses of either FluVLP or FluVLP-RBD vaccine four weeks apart and were challenged with SARS-CoV-2 (WA1/2020) infection via intranasal and intratracheal routes. We determined vaccine-induced IgG and neutralizing antibody titers in serum and their association with viral replication in the lower and upper airways (lung, throat, and nose) and lung-associated pathologies. FluVLP-RBD vaccine induced a strong binding IgG in serum against multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants (WA1/2020, Delta and Omicron; BA.1). Both vaccines induced strong influenza A/PR8-specific IgG. Following the SARS-CoV-2 challenge, all four animals in the FluVLP-RBD group showed a profound control of virus replication in all three airway compartments as early as day 2 through day 10 (day of euthanasia). This level of viral control was not observed in the FluVLP group as 2-3 animals exhibited high virus replication in all three airway compartments. The protection in the FluVLP-RBD vaccinated group correlated positively with post challenge neutralizing antibody titer. These results demonstrated that a FluVLP-based hybrid SARS-CoV-2 vaccine induces strong antibody responses against influenza-A/PR8 and multiple SARS-CoV-2 RBD variants and protects from SARS-CoV-2 replication in multiple compartments in macaques. These findings provide important insights for developing multivalent vaccine strategies for respiratory viruses. ImportanceCo-infection with multiple respiratory viruses poses a greater risk than individual infections, especially for individuals with underlying health conditions. Studies in humans consistently demonstrated that simultaneous infection with SARS-CoV-2 and influenza leads to more severe respiratory illness and an increased rate of hospitalization. Therefore, developing hybrid vaccines targeting multiple respiratory viruses is of high importance. The hybrid vaccines also help to reduce the economic and logistic burden associated with vaccine coverage, distribution and storage. Here, we evaluate the immunogenicity and effectiveness of a novel hybrid flu-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate using a nonhuman primate pre-clinical model. Our findings reveal that this vaccine elicits a strong immune response against influenza and SARS-CoV-2 viruses. Importantly, it provides strong protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection and associated pathological conditions.