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Richardson, J. A.

Publications and source records attributed to Richardson, J. A..

4 recordsLinked to original sources

A unifying principle for multispecies coexistence under resource fluctuations

Resource fluctuations are ubiquitous in nature and yet are generally assumed to play a limited role in the maintenance of biodiversity. We challenge this assumption by analyzing resource competition dynamics under conditions where traditional theory fails. We show that multi-species coexistence can be sustained when species are able to specialise on different temporal patterns of resource variability, including the asymmetries and periodic extremes commonly observed in natural systems. We further show how this partitioning of the statistical moments of the resource distribution provides a unified framework for explaining coexistence in variable resource environments. A theory of diversity maintenance based on moment partitioning highlights the potential for anthropogenic changes in resource regimes to drive cascading biodiversity losses.

ecology↗

Fungal organic acid uptake of mineral derived K is dependent on distance from carbon hotspot

Fungal mineral weathering processes regulate the bioavailability of inorganic nutrients from mineral surfaces to organic matter and increase the bioavailable fraction of nutrients. Fungal mineral weathering strategies can be classified as biomechanical (direct) or biochemical (indirect). In the case of fungal uptake of mineral nutrients through indirect weathering, it is widely hypothesized that uptake of mineral derived nutrients occurs through organic acid chelation, but such processes have not been directly visualized. This is in part due to challenges in probing the complex and heterogeneous soil environment. Here, using an epoxy-based mineral doped soil micromodel platform that we developed, which mimics soil mineralogy and structure, it permitted us to visualize and spatially probe the molecular mechanisms of mineral weathering. Mass spectrometry imaging revealed differences in the distribution of fungal exudates, citric acid and tartaric acid, on the soil micromodels in presence of minerals. Citric acid was detected closer to the nutrient rich inoculation point, whereas tartaric acid was highly abundant away from inoculation point. This suggested that the organic acid exuded by the fungi depended on the proximity from the carbon rich organic substrate at the point of inoculation. Using a combination of X-ray fluorescence and X-ray near edge structure analysis, we identified citric acid- and tartaric acid-bound K within fungal hyphae networks grown in the presence of minerals. Combined our results provide direct evidence that fungi uptake and transport mineral derived nutrient organic acid chelation. The results of this study provided unprecedented visualization of fungal weathering of soil minerals and hyphal K+ transport, while resolving the indirect weathering mechanism of fungal K uptake from mineral interfaces.

ecology↗

Fungal Mineral Weathering Mechanisms Revealed Through Direct Molecular Visualization

Soil fungi facilitate the translocation of inorganic nutrients from soil minerals to other microorganisms and plants. This ability is particularly advantageous in impoverished soils, because fungal mycelial networks can bridge otherwise spatially disconnected and inaccessible nutrient hotspots. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying fungal mineral weathering and transport through soil remains poorly understood. Here, we addressed this knowledge gap by directly visualizing nutrient acquisition and transport through fungal hyphae in a mineral doped soil micromodel using a multimodal imaging approach. We observed that Fusarium sp. DS 682, a representative of common saprotrophic soil fungi, exhibited a mechanosensory response (thigmotropism) around obstacles and through pore spaces ([~]12 {micro}m) in the presence of minerals. The fungus incorporated and translocated potassium (K) from K-rich mineral interfaces, as evidenced by visualization of mineral derived nutrient transport and unique K chemical moieties following fungal induced mineral weathering. Specific membrane transport proteins were expressed in the presence of minerals, including those involved in oxidative phosphorylation pathways and transmembrane transport of small molecular weight organic acids. This study establishes the significance of fungal biology and nutrient translocation mechanisms in maintaining fungal growth under water and nutrient limitations in a soil-like microenvironment.

microbiology↗

Modulation of mutant KrasG12D-driven lung tumorigenesis in vivo by gain or loss of PCDH7 function

PROTOCADHERIN 7 (PCDH7), a transmembrane receptor and member of the Cadherin superfamily, is frequently overexpressed in lung adenocarcinoma and is associated with poor clinical outcome. While PCDH7 was recently shown to promote transformation and facilitate brain metastasis in lung and breast cancers, decreased PCDH7 expression has also been documented in colorectal, gastric, and invasive bladder cancers. These data suggest context-dependent functions for PCDH7 in distinct tumor types. Given that PCDH7 is a potentially targetable molecule on the surface of cancer cells, further investigation of its role in tumorigenesis in vivo is needed to evaluate the therapeutic potential of its inhibition. Here we report the analysis of novel PCDH7 gain- and loss-of-function mouse models and provide compelling evidence that this cell-surface protein acts as a potent lung cancer driver. Employing a Cre-inducible transgenic allele, we demonstrated that enforced PCDH7 expression significantly accelerates KrasG12D-driven lung tumorigenesis and potentiates MAPK pathway activation. Furthermore, we performed in vivo somatic genome editing with CRISPR/Cas9 in KrasLSL-G12D; Tp53fl/fl (KP) mice to assess the consequences of PCDH7 loss of function. Inactivation of PCDH7 in KP mice significantly reduced lung tumor development, prolonged survival, and diminished phospho-activation of ERK1/2. Together, these findings establish a critical oncogenic function for PCDH7 in vivo and highlight the therapeutic potential of PCDH7 inhibition for lung cancer. Moreover, given recent reports of elevated or reduced PCDH7 in distinct tumor types, the new inducible transgenic model described here provides a robust experimental system for broadly elucidating the effects of PCDH7 overexpression in vivo.\n\nAUTHOR SUMMARYLung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-associated deaths worldwide. PROTOCADHERIN 7 (PCDH7), cell surface protein and member of the Cadherin superfamily, is frequently overexpressed in lung adenocarcinomas and is associated with poor clinical outcome. Nevertheless, it has yet to be shown in vivo whether PCDH7 plays a role in the initiation and progression of lung cancer, and whether it represents an actionable therapeutic target. Here we demonstrate, using a novel transgenic mouse model, that PCDH7 overexpression accelerates KrasG12D-driven lung tumorigenesis. Furthermore, we validate PCDH7 as a therapeutic target by knocking it out using in vivo somatic genome editing in the KrasLSL-G12D; Tp53fl/fl (KP) model. Our results provide new insight into the mechanisms that drive lung cancer pathogenesis and, because targeting oncogenic cell-surface proteins with antibodies has proven to be a highly effective anti-cancer therapeutic strategy, establish a new target for cancer treatment. Moreover, given recent reports of elevated or reduced PCDH7 in distinct tumor types, the transgenic PCDH7 model described here provides a robust experimental system for elucidating the effects of PCDH7 overexpression in different in vivo settings. This model will also provide an ideal system for future testing of therapeutics directed at PCDH7.

cancer biology↗