Reveillard, A. | Search bioRxiv

bioRxiv2026

Isoprenoid quinone profiling in complex biological samples using a novel semi-quantitative HPLC-MS/MS method

Isoprenoid quinones are ubiquitous redox lipids that mediate electron transfer in various cellular processes across all domains of life. These molecules also serve as taxonomic and metabolic markers, facilitating the characterisation of microbial communities. However, their structural diversity and extreme hydrophobicity are challenging for comprehensive detection and quantification in complex biological matrices. In this study, we present a semi-quantitative HPLC-MS/MS method that enables the sensitive analysis of the widest range of quinones reported to date. Using a 16-quinone standard mixture, we optimised separation within a 14-minute HPLC gradient and achieved femtomole-level sensitivity in targeted analyses. When applied to sewage sludges sampled weekly over three weeks, our method detected 57 distinct quinones, revealing stage-specific quinone profiles that reflect shifts in bacterial communities during wastewater treatment. This rapid and sensitive workflow provides a robust tool for accurate quinone profiling in complex samples, opening avenues for the discovery of novel quinones through untargeted approaches. By pushing the boundaries of quinone profiling, our method holds significant promise for advancing microbial ecology, environmental monitoring, and biotechnological applications. HighlightsO_LIuHPLC-Orbitrap method for the semi-quantitative profiling of isoprenoid quinones C_LIO_LIAnalysis of the widest range of isoprenoid quinones to date C_LIO_LIFemtomole-level sensitivity in just 14 minutes of chromatographic separation C_LIO_LIDetection of 57 quinones in complex wastewater sludge matrices C_LIO_LIMost comprehensive set of quinone standards including purified microbial quinones C_LI

biochemistry↗

bioRxiv2024

A novel quinone biosynthetic pathway illuminates the evolution of aerobic metabolism

The dominant organisms in modern oxic ecosystems rely on respiratory quinones with high redox potential (HPQs) for electron transport in aerobic respiration and photosynthesis. The diversification of quinones, from low redox potential in anaerobes to HPQs in aerobes, is assumed to have followed Earths surface oxygenation [~]2.3 billion years ago. However, the evolutionary origins of HPQs remain unresolved. Here, we characterize the structure and biosynthetic pathway of a novel ancestral HPQ, methyl-plastoquinone, that is unique to bacteria of the phylum Nitrospirota. Methyl-plastoquinone is structurally related to the two previously known HPQs, plastoquinone from Cyanobacteriota/chloroplasts and ubiquinone from Pseudomonadota/mitochondria, respectively. We demonstrate a common origin of the three HPQ biosynthetic pathways that predates the emergence of Nitrospirota, Cyanobacteriota, and Pseudomonadota. An ancestral HPQ biosynthetic pathway evolved [≥] 3.4 billion years ago in an extinct lineage and was laterally transferred to these three phyla [~]2.5-3.2 billion years ago. We show that Cyanobacteriota and Pseudomonadota were ancestrally aerobic and thus propose that aerobic metabolism using HPQs significantly predates Earths surface oxygenation. Two of the three HPQ pathways were later obtained by eukaryotes through endosymbiosis forming chloroplasts and mitochondria, enabling their rise to dominance in modern oxic ecosystems. Significance statementOxygenic photosynthesis and aerobic respiration by bacteria and eukaryotes rely on respiratory quinones with high redox potential that facilitate membrane-bound electron transport. These quinones are integral to aerobic metabolism and therefore the evolution of aerobic metabolism and quinone biosynthesis must be intertwined. Only two types of high redox potential quinones have been described in bacteria and eukaryotes. Here, we describe the structure and biosynthetic pathway of a third type, methyl-plastoquinone, that is exclusive to bacteria of the phylum Nitrospirota. We then use phylogenetic analysis to show that the three high redox potential quinones have a single evolutionary origin and are much older than previously considered, predating the Great Oxygenation Event, when significant amounts of O2 first accumulated in the atmosphere.

microbiology↗